Chemical products used in industry, building construction and the automotive industry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; metal tempering and soldering preparations; adhesives for industrial purposes including glues for building materials.

Rubber, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials and not included in other classes; plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials including polyurethane foams and water-repellent insulating compounds.

Educational software.

Educational services, including on-line examination and assessment services and learning management services; help desk support services for the aforementioned services.

Printed matter; printed publications; books, manuals, brochures, pamphlets and magazines; instructional and teaching materials; photographs; posters; stationery; stickers, labels and decalcomanias; advertising materials.

Ordinary playing cards; games, in particular board and fantasy role games; toys and playthings, in particular, figures and figurines made of wood, plastic, resin or metal; electronic amusement apparatus incorporating computer software; coin, non-coin and token fed games and pinball machines; gaming, entertainment and amusement machines and apparatus; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods.

Foot creams, lotions and masks for smoothing the feet.

Retail and wholesale services connected with the sale of cleaning products and preparations, polishing products, waxing products, toiletries, perfumes, deodorant, aftershave, cosmetics, skin care products and preparations, haircare products, hair lotions, beauty care products and preparations, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, soaps, essential oils, pharmaceuticals, medical and veterinary preparations, sanitary preparations for medical purposes, dietetic food and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, food for babies, dietary supplements for humans and animals, plasters, materials for dressings, material for stopping teeth, dental wax, disinfectants, preparations for destroying vermin, fungicides, herbicides, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, vitamins and minerals, food and foodstuffs, beers, mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic beverages, fruit beverages and fruit juices, syrups and other preparations for making beverages, alcoholic beverages and drinks, furniture, furnishings, candles and wicks for lighting, hand tools, power tools, household or kitchen utensils and containers, combs and sponges, brushes [except paintbrushes], brush-making materials, articles for cleaning purposes, glassware, porcelain and earthenware, smoking cessation products, precious metals and their alloys, jewellery, precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes, musical instruments, toys, games and playthings, sporting articles and equipment, camping equipment, clothing, footwear and headgear, trunks and travelling bags, umbrellas and parasols, walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, bags, backpacks, sunglasses, eyewear, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, electrical products, scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking [supervision], life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, computer software, computer hardware, computer games, electronic games, printed matter, books, stationery, luggage, voucher books, discount and loyalty cards, works of art, gardening tools and equipment, gardening machinery, pet food, pet clothing, beds, blankets and cages for household pets, textiles, parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods; advertising; business management; business administration; office functions; marketing and promotional services; advisory, consultancy and information relating to the aforesaid services.

Personal care products, namely, non-medicated body and skin cleansing preparations; skin cleansers; soaps; perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics; colognes, eau de toilette, perfume body sprays; oils, creams and lotions for the skin; shaving foam, shaving gel, pre-shaving and after-shaving lotions; talcum powder; preparations for the bath and shower; shower and bath gel; shower gel; shower gels; shower preparations; body wash; body washes; hair lotions; shampoo and conditioner; hair styling products; dentifrices; deodorants; anti-perspirants for personal use; non-medicated toilet preparations; non-medicated toiletries.

Access control units (automatic)- Access security apparatus (automatic-) Air temperature sensors Alarm bells Alarm installations Alarm panels Alarm sensors Alarm signalling receivers Alarm signalling transmitters Alarm systems Alarms * Alarms (Fire -) Apparatus for the processing of data Apparatus for the processing of images Apparatus for the processing of sound Apparatus for the reproduction of images Apparatus for the reproduction of sound Apparatus for the transmission of data Apparatus for the transmission of images Apparatus for the transmission of sound Application software Audible alarms [other than for vehicles] Audio transmitter units Automatic control apparatus Automatic fire extinguishing apparatus Automatic time switches Automatic timing switches Battery charge devices Battery chargers Bell pushes Bells (Signal -) Boiler control apparatus Boiler control instruments Broadband installations Burglar alarms Bus interfaces Cabinets adapted to hold computers Cable television converters Cable television transmitters Calculating apparatus Calibrating apparatus Card reading equipment Cards bearing electronically recorded data Cards (Encoded magnetic -) Cards (magnetic or encoded-) Cases adapted for computers Cellular mobile telephones Central processing unit boards Central processing units Central processing units [processors] Character recognition apparatus Character verification apparatus Character verification instruments Chargers for electric batteries Chips [integrated circuits] Circuit boards Communication hubs Communications controllers Communications networks Communications processors Communications servers [computer hardware] Components for computers Computer add-on boards Computer apparatus Computer circuit boards Computer controllers Computer database servers Computer databases Computer hardware Computer housings Computer interface apparatus Computer interface boards Computer interface cards Computer interfaces Computer network adapters Computer network routers Computer network server Computer networks Computer peripheral apparatus Computer peripheral devices Computer servers Computer sub-assemblies Computer systems Computers Control apparatus (automatic-) Control boards (electric-) Control boxes (electric-) Control circuits Control devices (automatic-) Control installations (electric-) Control modules (electric or electronic-) Control valves (electric-) Controller circuit boards Covers (shaped-) for computers Current breakers Current-meters Cut-out switches Data collection apparatus Data collectors Data communications apparatus Data communications software Data conversion apparatus Data encoding apparatus Data encryption apparatus Data entry terminals Data networks Data processing apparatus Data processing programs Data processing software Data processing systems Data processors Data programmes Data storage apparatus Data storage media Data transmission networks Data transmitters Data transmitting apparatus Databases Detectors (Smoke -) Digital boards Digital indicators Digital measuring apparatus Digital transmitters Dimmer switches Dimmers [regulators] (Light -), electric Door bells (electric-) Door locks (electric-) Dry batteries Electric circuit boards Electric circuit breakers Electric circuit closers Electric circuit components Electric circuit interrupters Electric circuit testers Electric circuits Electric components Electric control panels Electric control valves Electric current meters Electric current sensors Electric current switches Electric door bells Electric flow meters Electric locks Electric power controllers Electric power supply sockets Electric power units Electric sensors Electric smoke detectors Electric smoke sensors Electric sockets Electric switches Electric valve actuators Electrical access control apparatus Electrical circuit boards Electrical circuit breakers Electrical circuit components Electrical controls Electrical plugs Electrical power adaptors Electrical power control apparatus Electrical power outlet boxes Electrical relays Electrical sensors Electrical sockets Electrical switch boards Electrical switches Electromagnetic relays Electromagnetic switches Electronic circuits Electronic components Electronic control apparatus Electronic control circuits Electronic control systems Electronic control units Electronic controllers Electronic data processing equipment Electronic door locks Electronic encryption units Electronic entry systems Electronic global positioning systems Electronic measurement sensors Electronic monitoring instruments, other than for medical use Electronic pressure sensors Electronic rain gauges Electronic sensors Electronic temperature monitors, other than for medical use Electronic thermometers, other than for medical use Electronic timing apparatus Electronic timing control instruments Electronic valves [thermionic] Energy control devices Energy regulators Ethernet controllers Ethernet repeaters Fire alarms Fire control apparatus Fire detection apparatus Fire detectors Fire sensors Firmware Flow gauges Flow measuring apparatus Flow meters Flow regulators Flowmeters Fluid flow meters Fluid metering apparatus Frequency meters Fuel consumption measuring apparatus Fuel consumption meters Fuel gauges Gas chromatography apparatus Gas detecting apparatus Gas flow meters Gas meters Gas sensors Global positioning apparatus Global positioning instruments Global Positioning System [GPS] apparatus Handheld computers Handheld personal computers Hardware (computer-) Heat regulators Heat sensing identification indicators Heat sensors Heating meters Height controls High-frequency apparatus Humidity measuring apparatus Humidity meters Humidity sensors Humidity switches Image recording apparatus Image reproducing apparatus Impact sensors Information carriers [electric or electronic] Information processing apparatus Information storage apparatus [electric or electronic] Infrared detection apparatus Infrared detectors Infrared optical apparatus Infrared remote control apparatus Infrared remote controllers Instruments for measuring pressure Instruments for temperature control Integrated electric circuits Integrated electrical circuits Integrated electronic circuits Interactive data transfer apparatus Interface cables [electric]; Interfaces for computers Intruder detecting apparatus [other than for vehicles] Intruder identification apparatus [other than for vehicles] Laptop computers Light meters Light sensors Liquid crystal display screens Liquid level monitoring apparatus Local area networks Locks, electric Locks [electric] with alarms Magnetic flux sensors Magnetic object detectors Magnetic sensors Magnetic switches Mains power units (electric-) Mathematical instruments Measurement apparatus Measures Measuring apparatus Measuring sensors Meteorological apparatus Metering apparatus Micro processors Microchips Microcomputers Microprocessor controls Mobile data apparatus Mobile radio receiving apparatus Mobile radio transmitting apparatus Motherboards Motion detectors Movement sensors Network controlling apparatus Network hubs Network management apparatus Network routers On-off sensors Operating systems [electronic] Packet switching apparatus Panels for the connection of electricity Panels for the control of electricity Panels for the distribution of electricity Passive infrared detectors Passive infrared sensors Passive input selectors PC boards PC cards Pool alarms Portable transmitters Power adapters Power controllers Power meters Power regulating apparatus Power relays Power switches Pressure gauges Pressure measuring apparatus Pressure sensors Probes for scientific purposes Process control apparatus [electric] Process control apparatus [electronic] Process control configuration Process control digital controllers Process control instruments [electric] Process control instruments [electronic] Process control units [electric] Process control units [electronic] Process controllers [electric] Process controllers [electronic] Process controlling apparatus [electric] Process controlling apparatus [electronic] Proximity detectors Proximity sensors Proximity switches Panel boards [electricity] Panel connectors [electric] Panels for the connection of electricity Panels for the control of electricity Panels for the distribution of electricity Passive infrared detectors Passive infrared sensors PC boards PC cards Peripheral devices (Computer -) Pool alarms Portable transmitters Power adapters Power adaptors Power controlling apparatus[electric] Power distributors [electrical] Power installations [other than generators] Power relays Pre-recorded software Pressure controls Pressure indicator plugs for valves Pressure measuring apparatus Printed circuits Printed electrical circuits Process computers Process control apparatus [electric] Process control configuration Process control instruments [electric] Process control units [electric] Process controllers [electric] Process controlling apparatus [electric] Process indicators Process monitors Processors [central processing units] Programmable control apparatus Programmable controllers Programmable controls Programmable telecommunication apparatus Programs (Computer -) [downloadable software] Programs for computers Proximity detectors Proximity sensors Proximity switches Push button panels (electrical-) Push button switches (electrical-) Radio receivers Radio relays Radio transmitters Radio-frequency components Radio-frequency power meters Radio-frequency receivers Radio-frequency transmitter Real-time data processing apparatus Recorded computer software Regulated power supply apparatus Regulating apparatus, electric Relay sockets Relays, electric Releasable locking devices [electric] Remote alarms [other than anti-theft for vehicles] Remote control apparatus Remote control apparatus (electrical-) Remote control apparatus (electro-dynamic-) Remote control apparatus (electronic-) Remote control mechanisms Remote control of industrial operations (Electric installations for the -) Remote control of railway points (Electro-dynamic apparatus for the -) Remote control of signals (Electro-dynamic apparatus for the -) Remote control units Remote controllers Remote controls Remote data gathering apparatus Remote entry point control apparatus Remote monitoring apparatus Resistance temperature detectors Room thermostats Safety alarms [other than for vehicles] Safety monitoring apparatus [electric] Safety relays [electric] Security cameras Security control apparatus Security surveillance apparatus Signal bells Signal transmission apparatus Smart card readers Socket outlets (electric-) Software Solar battery chargers Solar modules Solar panels for electricity generation Solenoid valves Sound generation apparatus Sound transmitting apparatus Speech processing equipment Speech processors Speech recognisers Speech synthesizers Storage apparatus for computer data Storage apparatus for computer programs Surge protection apparatus Switch panels [electric] Switched spurs [electric] Switching apparatus (electric-) Tactile switches [electric] Telecommunication equipment Telecommunication switches Telecommunications circuit board units Telecommunications networks Telecommunications transmitters Telephone intercom apparatus Television monitoring apparatus Television monitors Temperature control apparatus [electric switches] Temperature control apparatus [electric switches] for machines Temperature control apparatus [thermostats] Temperature control apparatus [thermostats] for machines Temperature control apparatus [thermostats] for vehicles Temperature controllers Temperature controllers apparatus for machines Temperature controllers apparatus for use in vehicle heating systems Temperature controlling apparatus Temperature controlling apparatus for machines Temperature display units Temperature feedback units Temperature gauges Temperature indicating apparatus Temperature indicators Temperature logging apparatus Temperature matrix regulators Temperature measuring apparatus for household use Temperature measuring apparatus for industrial use Temperature measuring apparatus for scientific use Temperature meters for household use Temperature meters for industrial use Temperature meters for scientific use Temperature monitors for household use Temperature monitors for industrial use Temperature monitors for scientific use Temperature monitors [valves] for central heating radiators Temperature sensitive testing apparatus for industrial use Temperature sensitive testing apparatus for scientific use Temperature sensors Temperature switches Thermal energy measuring apparatus Time clocks [time recording devices] Time programmers Time switches Transmitters Transmitters for the transmission of electric signals Transmitters for the transmission of electronic signals Transmitters [telecommunication] Transmitting apparatus Ultrasonic fluid measuring apparatus Ultrasonic sensors Uninterruptable power supply apparatus Valve operators [electric controls] Valves (electric controls for automatically operating-) Valves (remote controls for automatically operating-) Valves (Solenoid -) [electromagnetic switches] Video transmission apparatus Voice operated coders Voice processing systems Voice processors Voice recognisers Voice synthesizers Voltage limiters Voltage regulators Volumetric measuring apparatus VPN [virtual private network] hardware VPN [virtual private network] operating software Warning alarms [other than for vehicles] Water sprinkling devices for fire control Water temperature regulators Wattmetres Wearable computers Weather information apparatus Wind measurement apparatus Wireless communication apparatus.

Accumulation boilers Accumulators (Heat -) Air balancing dampers Air conditioners Air conditioning apparatus Air conditioning apparatus for commercial use Air conditioning apparatus for industrial use Air conditioning installations Air control dampers Air dryers Air handling installations Air heat recovery apparatus Air heat recovery installations Air humidifiers Air moisturisers Air purification apparatus Air reheaters Ball valves Boilers Boilers for central heating installations Boilers for heating installations Boilers for hot water supply installations Boilers, other than parts of machines Burners Burners for heating installations Burners for industrial use Burners for solid fuel Ceiling fans Central heating apparatus Central heating boilers Central heating installations Central heating radiators Chimney fans Coils being parts of cooling installations Coils being parts of heating installations Cold air blowing apparatus Combined heating and air conditioning apparatus Combustion chambers Combustion installations for fossil fuels Combustion installations for waste fuels Control devices [thermostatic valves] for heating installations Control units [thermostatic valves] for heating installations Control valves (thermostatic-) for central heating radiators Convector heaters Cooling apparatus Cooling evaporators Dampers for ventilating installations Dampers [heating]Dehumidifiers Dehumidifiers for household use District heating pipes Domestic air conditioning apparatus Domestic air conditioning installations Domestic radiators Domestic stoves Draught dampers for inhibiting the spread of fire Draught dampers for inhibiting the spread of fumes Draught dampers for inhibiting the spread of smoke Draught dampers for preventing the spread of fire Draught dampers for preventing the spread of gases Draught dampers for preventing the spread of smoke Draught regulators for inhibiting the spread of fire Draught regulators for inhibiting the spread of gases Draught regulators for inhibiting the spread of smoke Draught regulators for preventing the spread of fire Draught regulators for preventing the spread of fumes Draught regulators for preventing the spread of gases Draught regulators for preventing the spread of smoke Driers (Air -) Dryers (Air -) Electric blankets [bed], other than for medical use Electric blankets not for medical purposes Electric boilers Electric central heating boiler systems Electric dehydrators Electric heating apparatus Electric heating fans Electric humidifiers Electric immersion heaters Electric indoor lighting apparatus Electric radiant heating apparatus Electric showers Electric space heaters Electrical heating elements Electrical radiators Electrically heated hot water tanks Electrically heated radiators Electrically heated towel rails Electrically powered air blowers for air-conditioning purposes Electrically powered air blowers for ventilation purposes Evacuated heat pipe solar collectors Extractors [ventilation or air conditioning] Fan heaters Fans for air conditioning apparatus Flat heating elements Flat panel lighting apparatus Flat radiators for central heating installations Fuel burners Furnace boilers Furnaces for central heating Furnaces for industrial use Gas boilers Gas boilers for central heating Gas boilers for the heating of swimming pools Gas boilers for water heating Gas fired back boiler units for domestic central heating Gas fired back boiler units for domestic hot water systems Gas fired boilers for producing domestic hot water Gas fired heating apparatus Gas fired space heaters Gas fired space heating apparatus Gas fired space heating installations Gas fired water heaters.Heat generating apparatus Heat pumps Heat pumps for energy processing Heating apparatus Heating apparatus, electric Heating apparatus for use in the home Heating boilers Heating elements Heating installations Heating installations for industrial use Heating installations (Hot water -) Heating plates Hot water apparatus Hot water boilers Hot water cylinders Hot water heaters Humidifiers Humidifiers for central heating radiators Humidifiers [for household purposes] Indoor electrical lighting fixtures Induction heaters Industrial dehumidifiers Industrial heaters Industrial humidifiers Infrared illuminators Infrared lighting fixtures Installations for central heating Installations for controlling the flow of gases Installations for de-humidifying Installations for heating Installations for heating swimming pools Installations for humidifying Irrigation spray nozzles Irrigation sprinklers Lighting Lighting apparatus Mobile air conditioning apparatus Mobile drying apparatus [heat drying] Mobile heating apparatus Mobile ventilating apparatus Oil burners Oil fired boilers Oil fired heaters Outdoor lighting Portable electric fans Portable electric fires Portable electric heaters Radial air fans Radiant ceiling plates Radiant fan heaters Radiant space heaters Radiator heaters Radiator valves Radiator valves [thermostatic] Radiators Radiators, electric Radiators for central heating installations Radiators for central heating systems Radiators [for industrial air-conditioning purposes] Radiators [heating] Refrigerating appliances Regulating apparatus being parts for water pipes Regulating apparatus being parts of gas burners Regulating apparatus for gas apparatus Regulating apparatus for water apparatus Residential heating units Residential ventilating units Room air conditioners Room fans Room heaters Room humidifiers [apparatus] Sauna apparatus Sauna bath installations Sauna heaters Sauna stoves Saunas Sectional radiators Shower apparatus Shower valves Solar energy collectors for heating Solar energy powered heating apparatus Solar energy powered heating installations Solar heating apparatus Solar heating installations Solar heating panels Solar panels for use in heating Spa baths Spa pools Space heaters Space heating apparatus Spas [heated pools] Sprinkler apparatus [automatic] for agricultural irrigation Sprinkler apparatus [automatic] for horticultural irrigation Sprinkler machines for agricultural irrigation Sprinkler machines for horticultural irrigation Sprinklers [automatic installations] for watering flowers and plants Storage heaters Swimming pool heaters Taps for regulating gas flow Taps for regulating water flow Temperature control apparatus [valves] for central heating radiators Temperature control valves [parts of central heating installations] Temperature control valves [parts of central heating radiators] Temperature control valves [parts of water supply installations] Temperature controllers [valves] for central heating radiators Temperature controlling apparatus [valves] for central heating radiators Temperature limiters for central heating radiators [thermostatic valves] incorporating bi-metallic discs Temperature limiters for central heating radiators [thermostatic valves] incorporating expansion rods Temperature limiters [valves] for central heating radiators Temperature regulators [thermostatic valves] for central heating radiators Temperature responsive control apparatus [thermostatic valves] for central heating radiators Temperature sensing apparatus [thermostatic valves] for central heating radiators Temperature sensitive switches [thermostatic valves] for central heating radiators Temperature sensors [thermostatic valves] for central heating radiators Thermal controls [valves] for central heating radiators Thermal fluid heaters Under carpet heating installations Under floor heating Valves as part of radiators Valves being parts of sprinkler systems Valves for air conditioners Valves (Thermostatic -) [parts of heating installations] Ventilating apparatus Warm air heating apparatus Water cisterns Water heaters Water heaters and boilers Water heaters for showers Whirlpool baths Whirlpool jets Whirlpool spa bath installations Whirlpools Wood burning stoves Wood stoves.

Ropes and string; padding, cushioning and stuffing materials, except of paper, cardboard, rubber or plastics; raw fibrous textile materials and substitutes therefor; tents and tarpaulins; nets; sails; sacks for the transport and storage of materials in bulk; awnings of textile or synthetic materials; slings and bands; non-metallic slings for handling loads; hoisting slings made of textile materials; harnesses, not of metal, for handling loads; non-metallic harnesses, for wear by humans, for handling loads; non-metallic slings, for wear by humans, for handling loads; lifting equipment, not of metal, for handling loads; non-metallic lifting equipment, for wear by humans, for handling loads.

Action figure toys;Action figures [toys or playthings];Action toys;Air pistols [toys];Articles of clothing for toys;Caps for pistols [toys];Children's multiple activity toys;Children's toys;Clockwork toys [of metal];Clockwork toys [of plastics];Cloth toys;Construction toys;Controllers for toys;Craft toys sold in kit form;Crib mobiles [toys];Crib toys;Cuddly toys;Detonating caps [toys];Disc toss toys;Dog toys;Drones [toys];Educational toys;Electric action toys;Electronic action toys;Electronic activity toys;Electronic learning toys;Electronic remote controlled toys;Electronic toys;Fabric toys;Fantasy character toys;Fluffy toys;Flying discs [toys];Imitation bones being toys for dogs;Imitation toilet articles being toys;Imitation toilet preparations being toys;Infant development toys;Infant toys;Infants' action crib toys;Inflatable bath toys;Inflatable pool toys;Inflatable ride-on toys;Inflatable swimming pools for recreational use [toys];Inflatable thin rubber toys;Inflatable toys;Inflatable toys in the form of boats;Inflatable toys resembling air vehicles;Interlocking construction toys;LED light sticks (toys);Lever action toys;Mechanical action toys;Mechanical toys;Miniature car models [toys or playthings];Mobiles [toys];Model cars [toys or playthings];Model toys;Models being toys;Multi-part construction toys;Multiple activity toys for babies;Music box toys;Musical toys;Noisemakers [toys];Non-motorised toys for riding;Novelty toys for parties;Novelty toys for playing jokes;Party favors in the nature of small toys;Pedal-propelled wheeled toys;Percussion caps [toys];Pet toys;Pet toys containing catnip;Pet toys made of rope;Pinball games machines [toys];Pistols (Caps for -) [toys];Plastic character toys;Plastic models being toys;Plastic toys;Plastic toys for use in the bath;Play mats containing infant toys;Play mats incorporating infant toys [playthings];Plug-in bricks [toys];Toys;Toys adapted for educational purposes;Toys and playthings for pet animals;Toys and playthings for pets;Toys being for sale in kit form;Toys for animals;Toys for babies;Toys for birds;Toys for cats;Toys for dogs;Toys for domestic pets;Toys for infants;Toys for pet animals;Toys for pets;Toys for sandpits;Toys for use in perambulators;Toys for use in swimming pools;Toys in the form of puzzles;Toys in the nature of imitation foodstuffs;Toys incorporating money boxes;Toys made of bamboo;Toys made of metal;Toys made of plastics;Toys made of rubber;Toys made of wood;Toys presented in an advent calendar;Toys relating to magic;Toys simulating objects used by adults in day to day activity;Toys sold in kit form;Toys, games and playthings for pet animals;Toys, games, playthings and novelties;Bath toys;Bathtub toys;Battery operated toys;Battery-operated action toys;Bendable toys;Blocks (Building -) [toys];Bouncing toys;Building blocks [toys];Building bricks [toys];Board games;Boards games;Compendiums of board games;Electronic board games;Game boards for trading card games;Question sets for board games;Sugoroku board games.

Computer hardware and software for control, security, and management of service provider communication networks; communication network hardware, namely, routers, switches, devices, and computer hardware for communication service applications, call, session border, and security control, and management of communication networks; network computer software for routing, switching, and controlling communication service applications, call, session border and security control, and management of communication networks.