Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals; banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and cards containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards.

Financial services; banking and credit services; providing credit card, debit card, charge card and stored value prepaid card services; stored value electronic purse services, providing electronic funds and currency transfer services, electronic payments services, prepaid telephone calling card services, cash disbursement services, and transaction authorisation and settlement services; travel insurance services; cheque verification services; issuing and redemption services all relating to travellers' cheques and travel vouchers; advisory services relating to all the aforesaid services.

Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards.

Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks; printed publications, pamphlets, brochures, newspapers, journals and magazines, manuals, printed matter all relating to banking; credit cards, debit cards, magazines; Adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; aquarium hoods; architects' models; babies' diaper-pants of paper and cellulose [disposable]; babies' diapers of paper and cellulose [disposable]; babies' napkin-pants [diaper-pants] of paper and cellulose [disposable]; babies' napkin-pants of paper and cellulose [disposable]; babies' napkins of paper and cellulose [disposable]; bags for microwave cooking; balls for ball-point pens; chaplets; composing frames [printing]; composing sticks; control tokens; engraving plates; galley racks [printing]; garbage bags [of paper or of plastics]; garbage bags of paper or of plastics; graining combs; hand labelling appliances; holders for checkbooks [cheque books]; house painters' rollers; indoor aquaria; indoor terrariums [vivariums]; marking chalk; packaging material made of starches; passport holders; photograph stands; printers' blankets, not of textile; printers' reglets; rosaries; self-adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; sheets of reclaimed cellulose for wrapping; steatite [tailor's chalk]; tailors' chalk; tanks [indoor aquaria]; trays for sorting and counting money; vignetting apparatus; wristbands for the retention of writing instruments.

Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; vending machines.

Advertising; business management; business administration; office functions; commercial, industrial and business management assistance; business appraisals; advisory services for business management; market research; marketing studies; statistical information (business); preparation of statements of accounts; book-keeping; business research; public relations; publications of publicity texts; issuing of publicity leaflets; retail services provided through mobile telecommunications means; retail services provided on-line, through networks or other electronic means using electronically digitised information.

Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer screen savers; computer wall paper; computer games; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards, all encoded; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; vending machines.

Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks; printed publications, pamphlets, brochures, newspapers, journals and magazines, manuals, printed matter all relating to banking; credit cards, debit cards, other than encoded; magazines; adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; aquaria (indoor -); aquarium hoods; architects' models; babies’ diapers of paper and cellulose, disposable; babies’ napkin-pants [diaper-pants]; bags (garbage -) of paper or of plastics; bags for microwave cooking; balls for ball-point pens; chalk (marking -); chaplets; checkbooks [cheque books] (holders for -); composing frames [printing]; composing sticks; diaper-pants (babies' -); engraving plates; galley racks [printing]; garbage bags of paper or of plastics; graining combs; hand labelling appliances; holders (passport -); holders for checkbooks [cheque books]; house painters' rollers; indoor aquaria; indoor terrariums [vivariums]; marking chalk; microwave cooking (bags for -); models (architects' -); mounting photographs (apparatus for -); napkin-pants (babies' -); packaging material made of starches; passport holders; photograph stands; photographs (apparatus for mounting -); printers' blankets, not of textile; printers' reglets; rollers (house painters' -); rosaries; self-adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; sheets of reclaimed cellulose for wrapping; starches (packaging material made of -); steatite [tailor's chalk]; tailors' chalk; tanks [indoor aquaria]; terrariums (indoor -) [vivariums]; trays for sorting and counting money; vignetting apparatus; wristbands for the retention of writing instruments.

Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers, telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; vending machines.

Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks; printed publications, pamphlets, brochures, newspapers, journals and magazines, manuals, printed matter all relating to banking; credit cards, debit cards, magazines; adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; aquarium hoods; architects' models; babies' diapers of paper and cellulose [disposable]; bags for microwave cooking; balls for ball-point pens; chaplets; composing frames [printing]; composing sticks; engraving plates; galley racks [printing]; garbage bags [of paper or of plastics]; garbage bags of paper or of plastics; graining combs; hand labelling appliances; holders for checkbooks [cheque books]; house painters' rollers; indoor aquaria; indoor terrariums [vivariums]; marking chalk; packaging material made of starches; passport holders; photograph stands; printers' blankets, not of textile; printers' reglets; rosaries; self-adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; sheets of reclaimed cellulose for wrapping; steatite [tailor's chalk]; tailors' chalk; tanks [indoor aquaria]; trays for sorting and counting money; vignetting apparatus; wristbands for the retention of writing instruments.

Computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip ("smart cards"); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards all encoded; card readers; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; vending machines.

Financial services; banking and credit services; providing credit card, debit card, charge card and stored value prepaid card services; remote payment services; stored value electronic purse services, providing electronic funds and currency transfer services, electronic payments services, prepaid telephone calling card services, cash disbursement services, and transaction authorisation and settlement services; provision of debit and credit services by means of radio frequency identification devices (transponders); insurance services; travel insurance services; cheque verification services; issuing and redemption services all relating to travellers cheques and travel vouchers; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided through mobile telecommunications means, including payment services through wireless devices; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided on-line, through networks or other electronic means using electronically digitised information; value exchange services, namely, the secure exchange of value, including electronic cash, over computer networks accessible by means of smartcards; bill payment services provided through a website; on-line banking; financial services provided over the telephone and by means of a global computer network or the Internet; provision of financial services by means of a global computer network or the Internet; real estate services; real estate property services; real estate valuations; real estate investment management; real estate investment services; real estate insurance services; insurance for property owners; insurance services relating to property; real estate financing; real estate brokerage; real estate appraisals; real estate agency services; evaluation of real estate; real estate administration; administration of financial affairs relating to real estate; provision of real estate loans; financing services relating to real estate development; financial brokerage services for real estate; financial services relating to real estate property and buildings; financial services for the purchase of real estate; arranging of loan agreements secured on real estate; arranging of shared ownership of real estate; arranging the provision of finance for real estate purchase; assisting in the acquisition of and interests in real estate; capital investment in real estate; commercial property investment services; financial services relating to the acquisition of property; financial services relating to the sale of property; financial valuation of freehold property; financial valuation of leasehold property; arranging letting of real estate; arranging of leases of real estate; leasing of property; leasing of real estate property; leasing of freehold property; estate management services relating to transactions in real property; valuation of property; property portfolio management; management of property; advisory services relating to real estate ownership; advisory services relating to real estate valuations; corporate real estate advisory services; computerised information services relating to real estate; consultation services relating to real estate; provision of information relating to real estate property; provision of information relating to the property market; research services relating to real estate acquisition; research services relating to real estate selection.

Scientific apparatus and instruments; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers; data processing equipment; computers, computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; telecommunication and electrical apparatus and instruments; accounting machines; apparatus for registration, transmission, reproduction of data including sound and images; magnetic recording supports; apparatus for tracking, management and analysis of financial accounts via a global computer network; computer hardware and software, in particular for the development, maintenance and use of local and wide area computer networks; systems for reading memory cards and systems for reading data in memories including integrated circuit memories and banking card memories; downloadable electronic publications; printing apparatus including printing apparatus for data processing systems and financial transaction systems; machines for banking establishments; encoders and decoders; modems; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip (''smart cards''); charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards, chip cards, stored value cards, electronic data carrier cards, payment cards and payment cards all encoded; banking cards including printed banking cards and banking cards using magnetic memories and integrated circuit memories; card readers; magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier cards, magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier card readers, electronic encryption units, computer hardware, computer terminals, computer software for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; computer chips embedded in telephones and other communication devices; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; apparatus for teaching cards; cash dispensing machines; vending machines; computer peripheral devices and electronic goods, namely calculating machines, pocket planners, personal digital assistants (PDAs), alarms and flashlights.

Insurance services; financial affairs, monetary affairs; financial services; banking and credit services; providing credit card, debit card, charge card and stored value prepaid card services; banking, payment, credit, debit, charge, cash disbursement, stored valued deposit access services; bill payment services; credit card, debit card, charge card, pre-paid card and stored value card services; cheque verification and cheque cashing services; automated teller machine services; processing of financial transactions both on-line via a computer database or via telecommunications and at point of sale; processing services for financial transactions by card holders via automatic teller machines; the provision of balance details, deposits and withdrawals of money to card holders via automatic teller machines; settlement and authorisation services; travel insurance services; issuing and redemption of travellers cheques and travel vouchers; payer authentication services; verification of financial information; maintenance of financial records; electronic funds transfer and currency exchange services; dissemination of financial information via the Internet and other computer networks; remote payment services; stored value electronic purse services, providing electronic funds and currency transfer services, electronic payments services, prepaid telephone calling card services, cash disbursement services, and transaction authorisation and settlement services; provision of debit and credit services by means of radio frequency identification devices (transponders); provision of debit and credit services by means of communication and telecommunication devices; travel insurance services; cheque verification services; issuing and redemption services all relating to travellers cheques and travel vouchers; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided through mobile telecommunications means, including payment services through wireless devices; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided on-line, through networks or other electronic means using electronically digitised information; value exchange services, namely, the secure exchange of value, including electronic cash, over computer networks accessible by means of smartcards; bill payment services provided through a website; on-line banking; financial services provided over the telephone and by means of a global computer network or the Internet; provision of financial services by means of a global computer network or the Internet; real estate services; real estate property services; real estate valuations; real estate investment management; real estate investment services; real estate insurance services; insurance for property owners; insurance services relating to property; real estate financing; real estate brokerage; real estate appraisals; real estate agency services; evaluation of real estate; real estate administration; administration of financial affairs relating to real estate; provision of real estate loans; financing services relating to real estate development; financial brokerage services for real estate; financial services relating to real estate property and buildings; financial services for the purchase of real estate; arranging of loan agreements secured on real estate; arranging of shared ownership of real estate; arranging the provision of finance for real estate purchase; assisting in the acquisition of and interests in real estate; capital investment in real estate; commercial property investment services; financial services relating to the acquisition of property; financial services relating to the sale of property; financial valuation of freehold property; financial valuation of leasehold property; arranging letting of real estate; arranging of leases of real estate; leasing of property; leasing of real estate property; leasing of freehold property; estate management services relating to transactions in real property; valuation of property; property portfolio management; management of property; advisory services relating to real estate ownership; advisory services relating to real estate valuations; corporate real estate advisory services; computerised information services relating to real estate; consultation services relating to real estate; provision of information relating to real estate property; provision of information relating to the property market; research services relating to real estate acquisition; research services relating to real estate selection.

Advertising; business management; business administration; office functions; commercial, industrial and business management assistance; business appraisals; advisory services for business management assistance; business appraisals; advisory services for business management; market research; marketing studies; statistical information (business); preparation of statements of accounts; book-keeping; business research; public relations; publication of publicity texts; issuing of publicity leaflets.

Insurance; real estate affairs; financial affairs; monetary affairs; financial services, including electronic financial services, financial services by means of radio frequency identification devices (transponders), communication and telecommunication devices, global computer network or the Internet; electronic payment services; banking and credit card services (as far as included in class 36); settlement and authorization services; travel insurance services; issuing and redemption of travellers checks and travel vouchers; advisory services as well as information relating to insurance, real estate affairs, financial affairs and monetary affairs.

Scientific apparatus and instruments; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers; data processing equipment; computers, computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; telecommunication and electrical apparatus and instruments; accounting machines; apparatus for registration, transmission, reproduction of data including sound and images; magnetic recording supports; apparatus for tracking, management and analysis of financial accounts via a global computer network; computer hardware and software, in particular for the development, maintenance and use of local and wide area computer networks; systems for reading memory cards and systems for reading data in memories including integrated circuit memories and banking card memories; downloadable electronic publications; printing apparatus including printing apparatus for data processing systems and financial transaction systems; automatic tellers and cash machines for banking establishments; encoders and decoders; modems; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and card containing an integrated circuit chip (''smart cards''); security encoded cards; cards encoded with security features for authentication purposes; cards encoded with security features for identification purposes; hologram impregnated cards; charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards, chip cards, stored value cards, electronic data carrier cards, payment cards and payment cards all encoded; banking cards including printed banking cards and banking cards using magnetic memories and integrated circuit memories; card readers; magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier cards, magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier card readers, electronic encryption units, computer hardware, computer terminals, computer software for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; computer chips embedded in telephones and other communication devices; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; cash dispensing machines; vending machines; computer peripheral devices and electronic goods, namely calculating machines, pocket planners, personal digital assistants (PDAs), alarms and flashlights.

Insurance services; financial affairs, monetary affairs; financial services; banking and credit services; providing credit card, debit card, charge card and stored value prepaid card services; banking, payment, credit, debit, charge, cash disbursement, stored valued deposit access services; bill payment services; credit card, debit card, charge card, pre-paid card and stored value card services; cheque verification and cheque cashing services; automated teller machine services; processing of financial transactions both on-line via a computer database or via telecommunications and at point of sale; processing services for financial transactions by card holders via automatic teller machines; the provision of balance details, deposits and withdrawals of money to card holders via automatic teller machines; settlement and authorisation services; travel insurance services; issuing and redemption of travellers cheques and travel vouchers; payer authentication services; verification of financial information; maintenance of financial records; electronic funds transfer and currency exchange services; dissemination of financial information via the Internet and other computer networks; remote payment services; stored value electronic purse services, providing electronic funds and currency transfer services, electronic payments services, prepaid telephone calling card services, cash disbursement services, and transaction authorisation and settlement services; provision of debit and credit services by means of radio frequency identification devices (transponders); provision of debit and credit services by means of communication and telecommunication devices; travel insurance services; cheque verification services; issuing and redemption services all relating to travellers cheques and travel vouchers; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided through mobile telecommunications means, including payment services through wireless devices; processing of credit and debit transactions by telephone and telecommunication link; the provision of financial services for the support of retail services provided on-line, through networks or other electronic means using electronically digitised information; value exchange services, namely, the secure exchange of value, including electronic cash, over computer networks accessible by means of smartcards; bill payment services provided through a website; on-line banking; financial services provided over the telephone and by means of a global computer network or the Internet; provision of financial services by means of a global computer network or the Internet; real estate services; real estate property services; real estate valuations; real estate investment management; real estate investment services; real estate insurance services; insurance for property owners; insurance services relating to property; real estate financing; real estate brokerage; real estate appraisals; real estate agency services; evaluation of real estate; real estate administration; administration of financial affairs relating to real estate; provision of real estate loans; financing services relating to real estate development; financial brokerage services for real estate; financial services relating to real estate property and buildings; financial services for the purchase of real estate; arranging of loan agreements secured on real estate; arranging of shared ownership of real estate; arranging the provision of finance for real estate purchase; assisting in the acquisition of and interests in real estate; capital investment in real estate; commercial property investment services; financial services relating to the acquisition of property; financial services relating to the sale of property; financial valuation of freehold property; financial valuation of leasehold property; arranging letting of real estate; arranging of leases of real estate; leasing of property; leasing of real estate property; leasing of freehold property; estate management services relating to transactions in real property; valuation of property; property portfolio management; management of property; advisory services relating to real estate ownership; advisory services relating to real estate valuations; corporate real estate advisory services; computerised information services relating to real estate; consultation services relating to real estate; provision of information relating to real estate property; provision of information relating to the property market; research services relating to real estate acquisition; research services relating to real estate selection; mortgage financing and asset securitisation.

Scientific apparatus and instruments; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers; data processing equipment; computers, computer hardware, computer software and computer programs; telecommunication and electrical apparatus and instruments; accounting machines; apparatus for registration, transmission, reproduction of data including sound and images; magnetic recording supports; apparatus for tracking, management and analysis of financial accounts via a global computer network; computer hardware and software, in particular for the development, maintenance and use of local and wide area computer networks; systems for reading memory cards and systems for reading data in memories including integrated circuit memories and banking card memories; downloadable electronic publications; printing apparatus including printing apparatus for data processing systems and financial transaction systems; machines for banking establishments; encoders and decoders; modems; computer hardware and software for facilitating payment transactions by electronic means; computer hardware and encryption software, encryption keys, digital certificates, digital signatures, software for secure data storage and retrieval and transmission of confidential customer information used by individuals, banking and financial institutions; magnetic encoded cards and cards containing an integrated circuit chip (''smart cards''); charge cards; bank cards, credit cards, debit cards, chip cards, stored value cards, electronic data carrier cards, payment cards and payment cards all encoded; banking cards including printed banking cards and banking cards using magnetic memories and integrated circuit memories; card readers; magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier cards, magnetic coded card readers, electronic data carrier card readers, electronic encryption units, computer hardware, computer terminals, computer software for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; computer software designed to enable smart cards to interact with terminals and readers; computer chips embedded in telephones and other communication devices; telecommunications equipment; point of sale transaction terminals and computer software for transmitting, displaying and storing transaction, identification and financial information for use in the financial services, banking and telecommunications industries; radio frequency identification devices (transponders); and electronic verification apparatus for verifying authentication of charge cards, bank cards, credit cards, debit cards and payment cards; apparatus for teaching cards; cash dispending machines; vending machines; computer peripheral devices and electronic goods, namely calculating machines, pocket planners, personal digital assistants (PDAs), alarms and flashlights.

Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks; printed publications, pamphlets, brochures, newspapers, journals and magazines, manuals, printed matter all relating to banking; credit cards, debit cards, (other than encoded); magazines.