Retail store services featuring musical instruments, musical instrument parts and accessories, audio amplifiers, audio equipment, audio speakers, apparel, toys, posters, pins, stickers and bags and online retail store services via global computer network featuring musical instrument parts and accessories, audio amplifiers, audio equipment, audio speakers, apparel, toys, posters, pins, stickers and bags.

Pickups for use with musical instruments.

Pickups for use with musical instruments.

Sound effect pedals for musical instruments.

Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus; abacuses; accumulators, electric; acid hydrometers; acidimeters for batteries; acoustic conduits; acoustic couplers; actinometers; adding machines; aerials; aerometers; air analysis apparatus; alarm bells, electric; alarms; alcoholmeters; alidades; altimeters; ammeters; amplifiers; amplifying tubes; anemometers; animated cartoons; anode batteries; anodes; answering machines; anti-glare glasses; anti-glare visors; anti-interference devices [electricity]; anti-theft warning apparatus; anticathodes; apertometers [optics]; apparatus and installations for the production of x-rays, not for medical purposes; apparatus and instruments for astronomy; apparatus and instruments for physics; apparatus for changing record player needles; apparatus for editing cinematographic film; apparatus for fermentation [laboratory apparatus]; apparatus for measuring the thickness of skins; apparatus to check franking; appliances for measuring the thickness of leather; armatures [electricity]; asbestos clothing for protection against fire; asbestos gloves for protection against accidents; asbestos screens for firemen; audio- and video-receivers; audiovisual teaching apparatus; automated teller machines [atm]; automatic indicators of low pressure in vehicle tires; azimuth instruments; bags adapted for laptops; balances [steelyards]; balancing apparatus; bar code readers; barometers; batteries, electric; batteries, electric, for vehicles; batteries for lighting; battery boxes; battery chargers; battery jars; beacons, luminous; bells [warning devices]; betatrons; binoculars; blinkers [signalling lights]; blueprint apparatus; boiler control instruments; branch boxes [electricity]; breathing apparatus, except for artificial respiration; breathing apparatus for underwater swimming; bullet-proof waistcoats; buzzers; cabinets for loudspeakers; cables, electric; calculating disks; calculating machines; calibrating rings; calipers; camcorders; cameras [photography]; capacitors; capillary tubes; carpenters' rules; carriers for dark plates [photography]; cases especially made for photographic apparatus and instruments; cases fitted with dissecting instruments [microscopy]; cash registers; cassette players; cathodes; cathodic anti-corrosion apparatus; cell phone straps; centering apparatus for photographic transparencies; central processing units [processors]; chargers for electric batteries; chemistry apparatus and instruments; chips [integrated circuits]; choking coils [impedance]; chromatography apparatus for laboratory use; chronographs [time recording apparatus]; cinematographic cameras; cinematographic film, exposed; circuit breakers; circuit closers; cleaning apparatus for phonograph records; clinometers; clothing especially made for laboratories; clothing for protection against accidents, irradiation and fire; clothing for protection against fire; coaxial cables; coils, electric; coin-operated mechanisms for television sets; collectors, electric; commutators; compact disc players; compact discs [audio-video]; compact discs [read-only memory]; comparators; compasses [measuring instruments]; computer game software; computer keyboards; computer memory devices; computer operating programs, recorded; computer peripheral devices; computer programmes [programs], recorded; computer programs [downloadable software]; computer software, recorded; computers; conductors, electric; connections for electric lines; connectors [electricity]; contact lenses; contacts, electric; containers for contact lenses; containers for microscope slides; control panels [electricity]; converters, electric; copper wire, insulated; correcting lenses [optics]; cosmographic instruments; couplers [data processing equipment]; couplings, electric; covers for electric outlets; crash test dummies; cupels [laboratory]; current rectifiers; cyclotrons; darkroom lamps [photography]; darkrooms [photography]; data processing apparatus; decompression chambers; decorative magnets; demagnetizing apparatus for magnetic tapes; densimeters; densitometers; detectors; diagnostic apparatus, not for medical purposes; diaphragms [acoustics]; diaphragms for scientific apparatus; diaphragms [photography]; dictating machines; diffraction apparatus [microscopy]; digital photo frames; directional compasses; disk drives for computers; disks, magnetic; distance measuring apparatus; distance recording apparatus; distillation apparatus for scientific purposes; distribution boards [electricity]; distribution boxes [electricity]; distribution consoles [electricity]; divers' masks; diving suits; dna chips; dog whistles; dosimeters; downloadable image files; downloadable music files; downloadable ring tones for mobile phones; dressmakers' measures; drying apparatus for photographic prints; drying racks [photography]; ducts [electricity]; DVD players; dynamometers; ear plugs for divers; egg-candlers; electric apparatus for commutation; electric apparatus for remote ignition; electric discharge tubes, other than for lighting; electric door bells; electric installations for the remote control of industrial operations; electric loss indicators; electricity conduits; electrified fences; electrified rails for mounting spot lights; electro-dynamic apparatus for the remote control of railway points; electro-dynamic apparatus for the remote control of signals; electrolysers; electromagnetic coils; electronic agendas; electronic notice boards; electronic pens [visual display units]; electronic pocket translators; electronic publications, downloadable; electronic tags for goods; encoded identification bracelets, magnetic; encoded magnetic cards; enlarging apparatus [photography]; epidiascopes; ergometers; exposure meters [light meters]; eyeglass cases; eyeglass chains; eyeglass cords; eyeglass frames; eyepieces; facsimile machines; false coin detectors; fibre [fiber (am)] Optic cables; film cutting apparatus; films, exposed; filters for respiratory masks; filters for ultraviolet rays, for photography; filters [photography]; fire alarms; fire beaters; fire blankets; fire boats; fire engines; fire escapes; fire extinguishers; fire hose; fire hose nozzles; fire pumps; flash-bulbs [photography]; flashlights [photography]; floppy disks; fluorescent screens; fog signals, non-explosive; food analysis apparatus; frames for photographic transparencies; frequency meters; furniture especially made for laboratories; fuse wire; fuses; galena crystals [detectors]; galvanic batteries; galvanic cells; galvanometers; garments for protection against fire; gas testing instruments; gasometers [measuring instruments]; gauges; glass covered with an electrical conductor; glazing apparatus for photographic prints; global positioning system [GPS] apparatus; gloves for divers; gloves for protection against accidents; gloves for protection against x-rays for industrial purposes; goggles for sports; graduated glassware; grids for batteries; hands free kits for phones; head cleaning tapes [recording]; headphones; heat regulating apparatus; heliographic apparatus; hemline markers; high-frequency apparatus; holders for electric coils; holograms; horns for loudspeakers; hourglasses; hydrometers; hygrometers; identification sheaths for electric wires; identification threads for electric wires; identity cards, magnetic; incubators for bacteria culture; inductors [electricity]; instruments containing eyepieces; integrated circuit cards [smart cards]; integrated circuits; intercommunication apparatus; interfaces for computers; inverters [electricity]; invoicing machines; ionization apparatus not for the treatment of air or water; jigs [measuring instruments]; juke boxes for computers; juke boxes, musical; junction boxes [electricity]; junction sleeves for electric cables; knee-pads for workers; laboratory centrifuges; laboratory trays; lactodensimeters; lactometers; laptop computers; lasers, not for medical purposes; lens hoods; lenses for astrophotography; letter scales; levelling instruments; levels [instruments for determining the horizontal]; life belts; life buoys; life jackets; life nets; life saving apparatus and equipment; life-saving rafts; light conducting filaments [optical fibers [fibres]]; light dimmers [regulators], electric; light-emitting diodes [led]; light-emitting electronic pointers; lighting ballasts; lightning arresters; limiters [electricity]; locks, electric; logs [measuring instruments]; loudspeakers; magic lanterns; magnetic data media; magnetic encoders; magnetic tape units for computers; magnetic tapes; magnetic wires; magnets; magnifying glasses [optics]; manometers; marine compasses; marine depth finders; marking buoys; marking gauges [joinery]; masts for wireless aerials; material testing instruments and machines; materials for electricity mains [wires, cables]; mathematical instruments; measures; measuring apparatus; measuring devices, electric; measuring instruments; measuring spoons; mechanical signs; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; mechanisms for counter-operated apparatus; megaphones; mercury levels; metal detectors for industrial or military purposes; meteorological balloons; meteorological instruments; meters; metronomes; micrometer screws for optical instruments; micrometers; microphones; microprocessors; microscopes; microtomes; milage recorders for vehicles; mirrors for inspecting work; mirrors [optics]; modems; money counting and sorting machines; monitoring apparatus, electric; monitors [computer hardware]; monitors [computer programs]; mouse [data processing equipment]; mouse pads; nautical apparatus and instruments; naval signalling apparatus; navigation apparatus for vehicles [on-board computers]; navigational instruments; neon signs; nets for protection against accidents; nose clips for divers and swimmers; notebook computers; objectives [lenses] [optics]; observation instruments; octants; ohmmeters; optical apparatus and instruments; optical character readers; optical condensers; optical data media; optical discs; optical glass; optical goods; optical lamps; optical lenses; oscillographs; ovens for laboratory use; oxygen transvasing apparatus; ozonisers [ozonators]; parking meters; particle accelerators; pedometers; peepholes [magnifying lenses] for doors; periscopes; personal stereos; petri dishes; petrol gauges; phonograph records; photocopiers [photographic, electrostatic, thermic]; photographic racks; photometers; phototelegraphy apparatus; photovoltaic cells; pince-nez; pipettes; pitot tubes; plane tables [surveying instruments]; planimeters; plates for batteries; plotters; plugs, sockets and other contacts [electric connections]; plumb bobs; plumb lines; pocket calculators; polarimeters; portable media players; portable telephones; precision balances; precision measuring apparatus; pressure indicator plugs for valves; pressure indicators; pressure measuring apparatus; printed circuit boards; printed circuits; printers for use with computers; prisms [optics]; probes for scientific purposes; projection apparatus; projection screens; protection devices against x-rays, not for medical purposes; protection devices for personal use against accidents; protective helmets; protective helmets for sports; protective masks; protective suits for aviators; protractors [measuring instruments]; punched card machines for offices; push buttons for bells; pyrometers; quantity indicators; radar apparatus; radio pagers; radiological apparatus for industrial purposes; radiology screens for industrial purposes; radios; radiotelegraphy sets; radiotelephony sets; railway traffic safety appliances; readers [data processing equipment]; record players; reducers [electricity]; reflecting discs for wear, for the prevention of traffic accidents; refractometers; refractors; regulating apparatus, electric; relays, electric; remote control apparatus; resistances, electric; respirators for filtering air; respirators, other than for artificial respiration; resuscitation mannequins [teaching apparatus]; retorts; retorts' stands; revolution counters; rheostats; riding helmets; road signs, luminous or mechanical; rods for water diviners; rods [surveying instruments]; rulers [measuring instruments]; rules [measuring instruments]; saccharometers; safety restraints, other than for vehicle seats and sports equipment; safety tarpaulins; salinometers; satellite navigational apparatus; satellites for scientific purposes; scales; scanners [data processing equipment]; screens for photoengraving; screens [photography]; screw-tapping gauges; semi-conductors; sextants; sheaths for electric cables; shoes for protection against accidents, irradiation and fire; shutter releases [photography]; shutters [photography]; sighting telescopes for firearms; signal bells; signal lanterns; signalling buoys; signalling panels, luminous or mechanical; signalling whistles; signals, luminous or mechanical; signs, luminous; simulators for the steering and control of vehicles; sirens; sleeves for laptops; slide calipers; slide projectors; slide-rules; slides [photography]; smoke detectors; socks, electrically heated; solar batteries; solderers' helmets; solenoid valves [electromagnetic switches]; sonars; sound alarms; sound locating instruments; sound recording apparatus; sound recording carriers; sound recording strips; sound reproduction apparatus; sound transmitting apparatus; sounding apparatus and machines; sounding leads; sounding lines; spark-guards; speaking tubes; spectacle cases; spectacle frames; spectacle lenses; spectacles [optics]; spectrograph apparatus; spectroscopes; speed checking apparatus for vehicles; speed indicators; speed measuring apparatus [photography]; speed regulators for record players; spherometers; spirit levels; spools [photography]; sprinkler systems for fire protection; stage lighting regulators; stands for photographic apparatus; starter cables for motors; steering apparatus, automatic, for vehicles; step-up transformers; stereoscopes; stereoscopic apparatus; stills for laboratory experiments; stroboscopes; styli for record players; sulphitometers; sunglasses; surveying apparatus and instruments; surveying chains; surveying instruments; surveyors' levels; switchboards; switchboxes [electricity]; switches, electric; tachometers; tape recorders; taximeters; teaching apparatus; teeth protectors; telegraph wires; telegraphs [apparatus]; telemeters; telephone apparatus; telephone receivers; telephone transmitters; telephone wires; teleprinters; teleprompters; telerupters; telescopes; television apparatus; temperature indicator labels, not for medical purposes; temperature indicators; terminals [electricity]; test tubes; testing apparatus not for medical purposes; theft prevention installations, electric; theodolites; thermionic tubes; thermometers, not for medical purposes; thermostats; thermostats for vehicles; ticket dispensers; time clocks [time recording devices]; time recording apparatus; time switches, automatic; tone arms for record players; totalizators; traffic cones; traffic-light apparatus [signalling devices]; transformers [electricity]; transistors [electronic]; transmitters of electronic signals; transmitters [telecommunication]; transmitting sets [telecommunication]; transponders; triodes; tripods for cameras; urinometers; usb flash drives; vacuum gauges; vacuum tubes [radio]; variometers; vehicle breakdown warning triangles; vehicle radios; verniers; video cassettes; video game cartridges; video recorders; video screens; video telephones; videotapes; viewfinders, photographic; viscosimeters; voltage regulators for vehicles; voltage surge protectors; voltmeters; voting machines; wafers for integrated circuits; waling glasses; walkie-talkies; washing trays [photography]; water level indicators; wavemeters; weighbridges; weighing apparatus and instruments; weighing machines; weights; whistle alarms; wind socks for indicating wind direction; wire connectors [electricity]; wires, electric; workmen's protective face-shields; wrist rests for use with computers; x-ray apparatus not for medical purposes; x-ray films, exposed; x-ray photographs, other than for medical purposes; x-ray tubes not for medical purposes; picks-ups for guitars; transportable guitar amplifiers; wah-wah pedals for guitars; musical sound recordings; recording discs; phonograph records; cassettes.

Musical instruments; accordions; bagpipes; bamboo flutes; bandonions; barrel organs; basses [musical instruments]; bellows for musical instruments; bow nuts for musical instruments; bows for musical instruments; bridges for musical instruments; buccins [trumpets]; carillons [musical instruments]; cases for musical instruments; castanets; catgut for musical instruments; chin rests for violins; clarionets; clarions; concertinas; conductors' batons; cornets [musical instruments]; cymbals; double basses; drumheads; drums [musical instruments]; drumsticks; electronic musical instruments; flutes; gongs; guitars; handbells [musical instruments]; harmonicas; harmoniums; harp strings; harps; hats with bells [musical instruments]; horns [musical instruments]; horsehair for bows for musical instruments; huqin [chinese violins]; intensity regulators for mechanical pianos; jews' harps [musical instruments]; kettledrum frames; kettledrums; keyboards for musical instruments; keys for musical instruments; lyres; mandolins; mouthpieces for musical instruments; music rolls [piano]; music stands; music synthesizers; musical boxes; musical instruments; mutes for musical instruments; oboes; ocarinas; organs; pedals for musical instruments; pegs for musical instruments; perforated music rolls; piano keyboards; piano keys; piano strings; pianos; pipa [chinese guitars]; plectrums; reeds; saxophones; sheng [chinese musical wind instruments]; stands for musical instruments; sticks for bows for musical instruments; stringed musical instruments; strings for musical instruments; suona [chinese trumpets]; tambourines; tom-toms; triangles [musical instruments]; trombones; trumpets; tuning forks; tuning hammers; turning apparatus for sheet music; valves for musical instruments; violas; violins; wind pipes for organs; xylophones; zithers; acoustic guitars; bass guitars; electric bass guitars; electric guitars; electrical connector cables for amplified guitars; electronic sound pickup for guitars and basses; guitar picks; guitar shoulder straps; guitar straps; guitar strings; guitar strings incorporating steel; guitar strings made from steel; guitar toggle switch tips; guitar tuning cranks; guitar replacement parts.

Supplements for animal foodstuffs; Additives to fodder, not for medical purposes; Animal feed supplements, not for veterinary purposes, in particular for household pets.

Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains, included in class 31; Fresh fruits and vegetables, potatoes and preparations made from these goods being non-medical foodstuffs for animals; Seeds, natural plants and flowers; Foodstuffs for animals, including foodstuffs for rodents, dogs, cats, birds and fish, and biscuits, small delicacies and reward snacks; Foodstuffs for animals, mixed feed, strengthening feed, rearing feed, mineral feed; Mineral foodstuffs for animals; Edible playthings for animals, in particular chewing bones, digestible chewing bones and bars for domestic animals; Malt; Bedding for animals; Bedding materials for household pets; Live animals; Foodstuffs, included in class 31, being foodstuffs for animals.

Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; Apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; Apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; Magnetic data carriers, recording discs; Compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; Mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; Cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers; Computer software; Fire-extinguishing apparatus.

Musical instruments.

Microphones and microphone accessories for use within the musical sector; audio speakers for use within the musical sector; headphones for use within the musical sector; sound amplifiers for use within the musical sector; stereo headphones for use within the musical sector; all of the aforesaid goods excluding products and parts thereof within the field of alarm and security sector.

Electronic amplifiers for consumer and professional use; pre-amplifiers; power amplifiers; amplifiers for musical instruments; accessories and replacement parts sold for use with or in such amplifiers; speakers; speaker cabinets and enclosures; transformers; tubes; valves; reverberation units; foot switch assemblies; controls; capacitors; diodes; transistors; resistors; cords; cables and leads; amplifier cases; fuses and fuse holders; electronic sound processing and effects equipment; electronic power attenuating equipment; consumer electronic equipment; audio equipment; audio amplifiers for consumer use; audio amplifiers for professional use; audio amplifiers for commercial use; digital music audio recording and playback system consisting of audio recorder and playback machine, speakers and remote control; audio speakers; video equipment; audio/video equipment; data processing equipment and computers; computing equipment; computer software; computer software for communication of audio and video data; phonograph records; tapes; cassettes; cartridges; compact discs; DVDs and optical discs; prerecorded audio and video tapes and discs featuring music and spoken words; video and audio equipment and any combinations of them; printers; scanners; calculating machines; adding machines; television sets; active speaker enclosures; sub-woofers; digital signal processors; public address systems; audio mixing consols; home and professional audio recording and editing software and equipment; amplifier and sound effect simulation software; signal processing software; synthesizer modules and software; computer sound cards and audio interfaces; microphones; pickups; headphones; electronic tuners for musical instruments; guitar pickups and transducers; wireless microphones and guitar signal transmitters; cases and racks specifically adapted for all of the aforementioned goods; parts, fittings and accessories for all of the aforementioned goods.

Musical instruments; stringed musical instruments; electric and electronic musical instruments; fretted musical instruments; guitars; mandolins; banjos; ukuleles; basses; steel guitars; resonator guitars; electric guitars and bass guitars; acoustic guitars and bass guitars; semi-acoustic guitars and bass guitars; electro-acoustic guitars and bass guitars; strings for instruments; pitchpipes; plectrums; picks; capos; straps; electric instrument cables; percussion instruments; drums; cymbals; keyboard instruments; pianos; organs; electric keyboards; electronic keyboards; brass instruments; flugelhorns; bugles; cornets; trumpets; french horns; trombones; euphoniums; tubas; woodwind instruments; picollos; flutes; clarinets; oboes; bassoons; saxophones; cases and covers for all of the aforementioned goods; parts, fittings and accessories for all of the aforementioned goods; Bass drum sticks; Batons (Conductors' -); Bellows for musical instruments; Bow nuts for musical instruments; Bows for musical instruments; Bridges for musical instruments; Cases for musical instruments; Catgut for musical instruments; Chin rests for violins; Conductors' batons; Dampers for musical instruments; Drumheads; Drumsticks; Harp strings; Horsehair for bows [for musical instruments]; Intensity regulators for mechanical pianos; Kettledrum frames; Keyboards for musical instruments; Keys for musical instruments; Mouthpieces for musical instruments; Music rolls [piano]; Music stands; Mutes for musical instruments; Pedals for musical instruments; Pegs for musical instruments; Perforated music rolls; Piano keyboards; Piano keys; Piano strings; Picks for stringed instruments; Plectrums; Reeds; Rolls (Perforated music-); Sheet music (Turning apparatus for -); Skins for drums; Stands (Music -); Stands for musical instruments; Sticks (Drum -); Sticks for bows[for musical instruments]; Strings for musical instruments; Tuning forks; Tuning hammers; Turning apparatus for sheet music; Valves for musical instruments; Wind pipes for organs.

Musical instruments; Bass drum sticks; Batons (Conductors'-); Bellows for musical instruments; Bow nuts for musical instruments; Bows for musical instruments; Bridges for musical instruments; Cases for musical instruments; Catgut for musical instruments; Chin rests for violins; Conductors' batons; Dampers for musical instruments; Drumheads; Drumsticks; Harp strings; Horsehair for bows for musical instruments; Intensity regulators for mechanical pianos; Kettledrum frames; Keyboards for musical instruments; Keys for musical instruments; Mouthpieces for musical instruments; Music rolls [piano]; Music stands; Mutes for musical instruments; Pedals for musical instruments; Pegs for musical instruments; Perforated music rolls; Piano keyboards; Piano keys; Piano strings; Picks for stringed instruments; Plectrums; Reeds; Rolls (Perforated music -); Sheet music (Turning apparatus for -); Skins for drums; Stands (Music -); Stands for musical instruments; Sticks (Drum-); Sticks for bows for musical instruments; Strings for musical instruments; Tuning forks; Tuning hammers; Turning apparatus for sheet music; Valves for musical instruments; Wind pipes for organs.

Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; book binding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks; Adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; Architects' models; Babies' napkin-pants [diaper-pants] of paper and cellulose, disposable; Babies' napkins of paper and cellulose [disposable]; Babies' napkins of paper and cellulose, disposable; Babies' diapers of paper and cellulose, disposable; Bags (Garbage-) of paper or of plastics; Bags for microwave cooking; Balls for ball-point pens; Chalk (Marking-); Chaplets; Checkbooks [cheque books] (Holders for-); Clips (Money-); Composing frames [printing]; Composing sticks; Diaper-pants (Babies' -) of paper and cellulose, disposable; Diapers (Babies' -) of paper and cellulose, disposable; Diapers (Babies'-) of paper and cellulose[disposable]; Engraving plates; Galley racks [printing]; Garbage bags of paper or of plastics; Graining combs; Hand labelling appliances; Holders (Passport -); Holders for checkbooks [cheque books]; House painters' rollers; Marking chalk; Microwave cooking (Bags for -); Models (Architects' -); Money clips; Mounting photographs (Apparatus for-); Napkin-pants (Babies'-) of paper and cellulose, disposable; Napkins of paper and cellulose (Babies' -), disposable; Napkins of paper and cellulose (Babies'-) [disposable]; Packaging material made of starches; Passport holders; Photograph stands; Photographs (Apparatus for mounting -); Printers' blankets, not of textile; Printers' reglets; Rollers (House painters'-); Rosaries; Self-adhesive tapes for stationery or household purposes; Sheets of reclaimed cellulose for wrapping; Starches (Packaging material made of-); Steatite [tailor's chalk]; Tailors' chalk; Trays for sorting and counting money; Vignetting apparatus; Wristbands for the retention of writing instruments.