Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus; headphones; clocks and timers; pedometers; batteries and chargers; binoculars; eyewear, spectacles, sunglasses, sports goggles and eyewear, swimming goggles; frames, lenses, chains, cords and cases for eyewear; knee, elbow, leg, arm, body, face and eye pads, shields and protectors; protective helmets; protective eyewear; protective clothing, clothing accessories, headgear and footwear; mouth protectors (gum shields); life belts, jackets and buoys; ear plugs for divers; electronic display apparatus for use with exercise equipment; diving equipment and apparatus; electronic games software; MP3 players and portable and handheld digital electronic devices for recording, organising, transmitting, manipulating, and reviewing text, data, audio and video files and cases for these devices; cases for mobile telephones; snorkels; mouthguards; sports helmets; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods.

Precious metals; precious stones; precious metal alloys; chains of precious metal; jewellery; fake jewellery or imitations; key rings; horological and chronometric instruments; watches; stop watches; sports watches; watch straps; watch bands; clocks; alarm clocks; clocks incorporating radios; medals, trophies, badges, all being of precious metal or coated therewith; cases for clock and watch-making; cases for watches; cases for jewellery; cufflinks; tie clips; tie pins; ornaments of precious metals; trinkets; key fobs made of leather incorporating key rings; parts, fitting and components for all the aforesaid goods.

Paper; cardboard; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); printers' type; printing blocks; shopping (carrier) bags of plastic; gift vouchers; cards made of plastic (other than encoded or magnetic); stickers and transfers (decalcomanias); removable tattoos.

Leather and imitations of leather; animal skins, hides; leather thongs and straps; clothing, covers, collars, leashes and leads for animals; trunks and travelling bags; luggage and suitcases; luggage tags, luggage straps; haversacks, backpacks, rucksacks, knapsacks; cases, bags, portfolios; wallets, purses, pouches; card holders; leather shoulder belts and straps; umbrellas, umbrella seats, parasols, walking sticks, canes; whips, harness, saddlery, horse tack; baby and child carriers; frames for handbags; straps for skates; bandoliers; boxes made of leather or imitation leather; furniture coverings of leather; handles for suitcases and walking sticks; gym bags; training bags; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods.

Plates; cups; bowls and dishes; baskets for domestic use; trays for domestic purpose; works of art made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; candle holders; watering cans; ice buckets; sculptures and statuettes made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; reproduction of sculptures made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; glassware; porcelain; earthenware; figurines made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; miniature figures made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; ornaments made of materials such as porcelain, terra-cotta or glass, included in the class; vases and urns; flower pots; kitchen and household utensils and containers; tableware; cooking utensils; jugs and drinking vessels; combs, sponges; brushes; non-electric instruments and materials, all for cleaning; trinket boxes; works of art, all made of bone china, china crystal, earthenware, glass, porcelain or terracotta; cool bags; cool bags for fishing bait; drink bottles for sports; thermally insulated flasks for household use; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods.

Bed and table covers; travellers rugs, textiles for making articles of clothing; duvets; covers for pillows, cushions or duvets; linen and upholstery fabrics; bed linen, bed covers, bed clothes, bed spreads, quilt covers, duvet covers, sheets, pillow cases, pillow covers, quilts, duvets, eiderdowns; bath linen, towels, flannels, face towels, shower curtains; table linen, table covers, table clothes, table mats, table napkins, napkins, coasters; kitchen towels, tea towels; curtains, blinds; cushion covers, furniture coverings; handkerchiefs; upholstery fabrics all included in class 24; towels of textile.

Clothing, footwear, headgear.

Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers; Badges for wear, not of precious metal; zip fasteners for bags; edgings for clothing; fastenings for clothing; shoulder pads for clothing; collar supports; competitors' numbers; cords for clothing; trouser clips for cyclists; heat adhesive patches for decoration of textile articles; shoe fasteners; letters and numerals for marking linen; monogram tabs for marking linen; ornamental novelty badges; zippers; shoe laces; belt clasps.

Games and playthings; gymnastic and sporting articles, equipment and apparatus not included in other classes; exercise and fitness apparatus and equipment; supporters, protectors, guards and pads for sports, athletics and fitness; playground apparatus and equipment; decorations for Christmas trees; playing cards; skates, skateboards; bags specifically adapted for sports articles and equipment; fishing equipment; equestrian equipment; ear and eyebrow protectors for boxers; boxing masks; boxing gloves; hand tapes and wraps for boxing and MMA use; punch mitts and gloves; punch and kick boards; grappling gloves; sparring gloves; gloves for sports; gloves for use in boxing and MMA; striking bags; strike shields; target paddles; punching bags; freestanding punch bags; training dummies; striking-bag platforms; dumbbells; rowing machines; chest weights; spring exercisers; grip developers; medicine balls; head guards; punching bags; skipping ropes; shoe guards; boxing and wrestling rings; gymnasium horses, parallel bars, weight benches; step machines; weightlifting gloves; trampolines; exercise equipment; weight lifting equipment; weight lifting belts; free weights; aerobic equipment; aerobic fitness belts; stationery cycles; elastic exercise bands; ankle weights; wrist weights; treadmills; exercise bikes; stationery bikes; elliptical machines; martial arts equipment; shin guards; body shields; dumb-bells; kettle bells; free weights; medicine balls; gym balls; gym bars; sit up benches; exercise bikes; stationary bikes; elliptical machines; treadmills; weight benches; weight towers; trampolines; parts, accessories and fittings for all the aforesaid goods.

Coffee, tea, cocoa and artificial coffee; Rice; Tapioca and sago; Flour and preparations made from cereals; Bread, pastry and confectionery; Edible ices; Sugar, honey, treacle; Yeast, baking-powder; Salt; Mustard; Vinegar, sauces (condiments); Spices; Ice; Popcorn; husked oats; oat flakes; oat based food; muesli; cereal preparations; corn flakes; corn flour; corn meal; maize flakes; maize flour; maize meal; flour milling products; gluten for food; potato flour for food; soya flour; biscuits; malt biscuits; petit-beurre biscuits; cookies; edible decorations for cakes; cakes; tarts; petit fours; macaroons; bread, leaven ginger bread, bread rolls, buns, pastry, pastries, waffles, pancakes, pizzas, pastilles, pasta, ravioli, ribbon vermicelli, noodle vermicelli, spaghetti, macaroni, chocolate, chocolate based beverages, chocolate beverages with milk, cocoa, cocoa based beverages, coffee beverages with milk, coffee flavourings, confectionery, fondants, confectionery for decorating Christmas trees, almond confectionery, peanut confectionery; sugar confectionery, stick liquorice, liquorice, lozenges, candy caramels, candy for food, maltose, gum sweets, pralines, peppermint sweets, sugar, natural sweeteners, spices, allspice, curry ginger, cinnamon, cloves, seasonings, condiments, salt, cooking salt, celery salt, salt for preserving foodstuffs, pepper, seasoning peppers, mustard, aniseed, saffron, flavourings, vanilla substitute, vanillin, almond paste, essences for foodstuffs, starch for food, ice cream, edible ices, ice sherbets, ice sorbets, ice for refreshment, natural or artificial ice, glucose for food, golden syrup, honey, rice, sago, semolina, tapioca for food, turmeric for food, whipped cream, preparations for stiffening whipped cream, yeast, pies, meat pies, pate, farinaceous foods, farinaceous foods pastes, groats for human food, puddings, sandwiches, sauces, ketchup, non-medical infusions, vinegar, beer vinegar, salad dressings, mayonnaise; high-protein cereal bars.

Beers; mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic drinks; fruit drinks and fruit juices; syrups and other preparations for making beverages; non-alcoholic beverages enriched with added vitamins, minerals or added trace elements; isotonic drinks [not for medical purposes]; energy drinks; cordials; seltzers [beverages]; sorbets [beverages]; preparations in the form of powder for making drinks; beverages for use as aids to slimming.

Advertising; Business management; Business administration; Office functions; business and management advice; business consultancy and business information services; compilation and provision of trade, business, price and statistical information and databases; preparation and compilation of reports; advertising services, business administration, marketing and marketing planning; advisory and consultancy services relating to marketing, marketing assessment services; business planning and development, services relating to stock control, scanning, tagging and security; setting up, organisation, administration, operation and supervision of customer loyalty, sales, incentives and promotional activity schemes and advice, consultancy and information services relating to such services; business management, including assistance and advising for the establishment and management of retail stores; office functions; retail services and online retail services connected with the sale of clothing, footwear, headgear and sporting articles, sports nutritional products, stationery, sports drinks, eyewear and watches; retailing and wholesaling services, namely retail and wholesale services provided online or by mail order connected with the sale of clothing, footwear, headgear and sporting articles, sports nutritional products, stationery, sports drinks, eyewear and watches; provision of information to customers and advice and assistance in the selection of goods; advertising services namely, providing a searchable online advertising guide featuring goods available for sale; the bringing together for the benefit of others of a variety of clothing, footwear, headgear, gymnastic and sporting articles, exercise and fitness apparatus and equipment, sports nutritional products, stationery, sports drinks, eyewear and watches enabling customers to conveniently view and purchase those goods in a department store, wholesale outlet, supermarket, discount retail park, retail shop and/or concession, via a television shopping channel or from a catalogue by mail order or by means of telecommunications or from an Internet website mail order service; promotional services; organisation, operation and supervision of sales and promotional incentive schemes; information and advisory services all relating to the aforesaid services; provision of space on websites for advertising goods and services; business advisory services, promotional services and information services relating thereto; direct mail advertising; distribution of samples and promotional items; marketing services; business advisory and information services provided on-line from a computer database or the Internet.

Leather and imitations of leather; animal skins and hides; luggage and carrying bags; umbrellas and parasols; walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery; collars, leashes and clothing for animals; art portfolios [cases]; articles of luggage; athletic bags; attaché cases; baby and child carriers; backpacks; baggage; bags; bags for travel accessories; beach bags; belt bags; billfolds; boot bags; briefcases; business card cases; camping bags; canes; card cases; card holders; carry-on luggage; cases; cases; clutch bags; cosmetic bags; credit card cases; credit card holders; diaper bags; document cases; duffel bags; evening bags; fastenings and straps of leather; framed carrying apparatus in the nature of rucksacks for carrying babies; frames for handbags; frames for umbrellas; garment bags; golf umbrella seats; golf umbrellas; gym bags; handbags; harnesses; haversacks; hides; hip pouches; holdalls; horse blankets.; horse tack; horse tack and equestrian articles; key cases; key holders; key pouches; knapsacks; laces (leather–); leashes (leather–); leather portfolios [covers]; luggage; luggage tags; luggage straps; overnight bags; overnight luggage; parasols; pocket wallets; portfolios; pouches; purses; purses; record bags; riding saddles; riding saddles; rucksacks; saddlery; school bags; school satchels; schoolchildren's backpacks; shoe bags; shopping bags; shopping carts [wheeled shopping bags]; shoulder bags; skins and hides; sporting bags; sports bags; straps for skates; suitcases; toiletry bags; tote bags; travelling bags; travelling cases; travelling trunks; trunks; umbrella seats; umbrellas; waist bags; waist packs; pouches for waist bags; pouches for waist packs; walking sticks; wallets; wallets for attachment to belts; whips; charts for use as diaries; luggage label made of leather; parts, fittings and components for all the aforesaid goods.

Clothing; footwear; headgear; leisurewear; sportswear; fittings of metal for shoes and boots; heels; inner soles; non-slipping devices for boots and shoes; soles for footwear; studs for football boots [shoes]; footwear uppers; anoraks; armbands [clothing]; balaclavas; belts [clothing]; belts made of imitation leather; belts made of leather; boots; cagoules; caps (shower –); caps [headwear]; chasubles; coats; dresses; exercise wear; fashion-wear; fishing jackets, boots and vests; fishing smocks; football boots; football jerseys; gaiters; gloves; hats; hosiery; jackets; jeans; leisure clothing; leisure wear; lightweight clothing; maniples; neckties; protective clothing for surfing; pullovers; replica football kits; safety clothing, gloves, headgear and footwear (other than for protection against accidents or injuries); salopettes; sashes for wear; scarves; shirts; shoes; ski wear; sleep masks; sleeping attire; smocks; socks; sporting articles (clothing) for equestrian use; sporting articles [clothing] for equestrian use; sports clothing; sports garments; sports headgear (other than helmets); sports shoes, walking boots; sports uniforms; sportswear; studs for football boots [shoes]; surf shorts; swimwear; thermal clothing; trainers; trousers; t-shirts; underwear; vests; walking boots; waterproof and weatherproof clothing; waterproof clothing; weatherproof clothing; wet suits; wimples; wristbands [clothing]; Clothing for boxing and MMA; footwear for boxing and MMA; boxing boots; parts, fittings and components for all the aforesaid goods.

Games, toys and playthings; video game apparatus; gymnastic and sporting articles; decorations for Christmas trees; apparatus for boxing; apparatus for playing skill games; apparatus for playing sports; apparatus for skiing; apparatus for use in the game of football; archery implements; artificial Christmas trees and Christmas tree stands; backgammon games; bags adapted for carrying sporting articles; bags especially designed for ski and surfboards; bags specially adapted for sports equipment; balloons; balls; balls being sporting articles; balls for games; balls for use in sports; balls including tennis balls, tennis rackets, squash rackets and related goods and accessories in this class; baseball masks; batons for cheering squad; bats; bats for sport; bats for sports; board games; body protectors; body-building apparatus; body-building apparatus sporting articles for use in racquet games; body-building apparatus/body-training apparatus/rehabilitation apparatus (body-); breast protectors; camouflage screens [sports articles]; card games; cases adapted for carrying sporting apparatus; checkers; chess; Christmas decorations; christmas tree stands; Christmas trees of synthetic material; coin-operated gaming equipment; confetti; cricket bags; dart mats; darts; elbow guards (sport articles); exercise equipment; fairground ride apparatus; fish hooks; fishing apparatus and articles; fishing tackle; fist guards [sporting articles]; fitness equipment; fitness exercise machines; football gloves; football or soccer goals; game chips; games; games apparatus; games relating to skill gaming; games relating to sport; gloves for sporting purposes [specifically adapted for]; goal nets; goal posts; golf bags, with or without wheels; golf mats; gymnastic and sporting articles and apparatus; hand exercisers; hand exercisers [other than for therapeutic use]; hand held electronic games; hand protectors adapted for sporting use; handheld and portable devices for gaming; hip-guards specially made for playing sports [parts of sports suits]; inflatables in the nature of soccer balls, footballs, basketballs, volleyballs, inflatable balls for sports; in-line skates; jigsaw puzzles; kaleidoscopes; knee guards [sports articles]; knee protectors adapted for use whilst playing sports; knee protectors for use when participating in sports; leg guards adapted for playing sport; leg guards adapted for playing sport; shin pads [sports articles]; military figurines [toys]; novelties; novelties for parties, dances [party favours]; paddling pools; paper party hats.; parts and fittings for apparatus for skiing; parts and fittings for games and playthings; parts and fittings for the aforesaid goods.; physical exercises (Machines for –); plastic tracks; play tents; playground equipment; playing cards; playthings; roller skates; sailboards; scratch cards for playing lottery; shin guards for athletic use; shin pads [sports articles]; skateboards ; surfboards; snowboards; skis; skates; skill games; skill gaming chips; skill gaming equipment; snooker balls and cues; snooker tables; soccer ball goal nets; soft toys; sporting articles; sporting articles for use in boxing, gymnastics, indoor and field athletics, and for use in playing the games of badminton, squash, hockey, ice hockey, football, lacrosse, fives, table tennis, netball, bowls, lawn tennis, cricket, croquet, clock golf, golf, quoits, discs and putting golf, water polo, bowling, volleyball, sports similar to hockey, sports including the use of a ball; clubs for golf and polo; sporting articles for use in playing football [other than clothing or articles for protective purposes] football or soccer goals; sporting articles for use in racquet games; sporting articles for wear adapted for use in specific sports; sporting articles including articles and accessories for the games of tennis, squash, table tennis, softball, golf, badminton, volleyball, basketball, baseball, ice hockey and hockey; sports equipment and accessories; sports gloves; stationary exercise bicycles; stomach protectors [adapted for use in a specific sport]; string materials for sporting racquets; sweat-absorbent bands for rackets; swimming pools [play articles]; tennis nets and posts; tennis thermal bags; toy bicycles; toy glow sticks; toy miniature figurines, artificial Christmas trees and Christmas tree stands; toy trucks; toys and games; training apparatus for use in relation to football; whistles; wrist guards for athletic use;; Boxing gloves; sparring gloves; training gloves; punching bags; punching balls; hand wraps; skipping ropes; boxing pads; boxing rings; MMA gloves; strike bags; wall brackets for punching bags; bags for exercising core muscles; speedball platforms; corner pads for boxing rings; speedballs for boxing; boxing target pads; weights; dumbbells; medicine balls; target stands; kettlebells; resistance bands; yoga balls; yoga blocks; ankle and wrist weights; hand weights; hoops for exercise; resistance tubes; apparatus for MMA; electronic games, games adapted for use with television receivers parts, fittings and components for all the aforesaid goods.

Advertising; business management, organization and administration; office functions; accountancy, book keeping and auditing; accounting; accounts [drawing up of statements of-]; administration [commercial-] of the licensing of the goods and services of others, of a discount program for enabling participants to obtain discounts on goods and services through use of a discount membership card, competitions for advertising purposes, consumer loyalty programs, customer loyalty and incentive schemes, loyalty programs involving discounts or incentives, loyalty rewards programmes, membership schemes, newspaper subscription [for others], sales and promotional incentive schemes, sales promotion incentive programs, the business affairs of franchises, the business affairs of retail stores; administration relating to marketing and sales methods; administrative loyalty card services; administrative processing of orders; administrative support and data processing services; advertising, marketing and promotional services; advertisement for others on the internet; advertising and marketing services provided by means of social media; advertising by mail order; advertising of the goods of other vendors, enabling customers to conveniently view and compare the goods of those vendors; advertising particularly services for the promotion of goods; advertising services for the promotion of e-commerce; advertising through all public communication means; advice relating to the business management of fitness clubs; advice relating to the business management of health clubs; advice relating to the business operation of fitness clubs; advice relating to the business operation of health clubs; arranging and conducting of advertising events, fairs and exhibitions for business and advertising purposes; arranging commercial transactions, for others, via online shops; arranging newspaper subscriptions for others; arranging of displays for commercial purposes, displays for trade purposes, exhibitions for advertising purposes, exhibitions for commercial purposes, presentations for advertising purposes, presentations for commercial purposes; arranging subscriptions of the online publications of others, to electronic journals, to information media, to media packages, to telecommunication services for others; auctioneering services; auditing; bill-posting; brand creation, evaluation, positioning, strategy and testing services; business administration services for the processing of sales made on the internet; business advice and consultancy relating to franchising; business advisory services; business analysis and information services, and market research; business appraisals; business assistance, management and administrative services; business consultancy and advisory services; business consultancy services relating to management, marketing and promotion of fund raising campaigns; business data analysis; business information services; business inquiries; business intelligence services; business investigations; business management and organization consultancy; business management for shops, entertainment venues, hotels, performing artists, sports personalities, retail outlets, sporting club, sporting facilities, sporting venues, sports people, swimming pool complexes, wholesale and retail outlets; business management services; business monitoring and consulting services, namely, tracking users and advertising of others to provide strategy, insight, marketing guidance, and for analysing, understanding and predicting consumer behaviour and motivations, and market trends; business networking; business operation of shopping centres and shopping malls; business organisation and management consulting services; business planning services; business promotion services; business research; business strategic planning services; clerical services for the taking of sales orders; collecting business statistics; commercial administration of the licensing of the goods and services of others; commercial consultancy services; commercial information; commercial information and advice for consumers [consumer advice shop]; commercial or industrial management assistance; company management [for others]; comparison shopping services; compilation of advertisements for use on internet web pages; compilation of business information; compilation of information into computer databases; compilation of statistics; compilation, production and dissemination of advertising matter; compiling and maintaining online directories; computer data recording services; computerized file management; consulting in sales techniques and sales programmes; consulting services relating to marketing; consulting services relating to publicity; corporate planning; cost price analysis; customer club services and customer loyalty services, for commercial, promotional and/or advertising purposes; data processing, systematisation and management; demonstration of goods; digital advertising services; digital marketing; direct mail advertising; dissemination of advertising matter; distribution of advertising, marketing and promotional material; distribution of samples; document reproduction; economic forecasting; efficiency experts; employment agencies; event marketing; export-import agency services; fashion show exhibitions for commercial purposes; fashion shows for promotional purposes [organization of-]; file management [computerized-]; franchising [business advice relating to-]; human resources management and recruitment services; import-export agencies; information about sales methods; information services relating to advertising; invoicing; layout services for advertising purposes; loyalty, incentive and bonus program services; magazine advertising; mail order retail services for clothing; mail-order advertising; management [advisory services for business-]; management assistance; market analysis and research services; marketing; marketing research; marketing services; marketing the goods and services of others by distributing coupons; modelling for advertising or sales promotion; news clipping services; office machines and equipment rental; on-line advertising; on-line advertising on a computer network; online and email advertisements, including development and production of social media campaigns and viral marketing measures; online marketing; online ordering services; opinion polling; organisation of customer loyalty programs for commercial, promotional or advertising purposes; organisation of exhibitions and events for commercial or advertising purposes; organisation of prize draws for advertising purposes; organisation of promotions using audio-visual media; organisation of trade fairs for commercial or advertising purposes; organisation, operation and supervision of loyalty schemes, incentive schemes, sales and promotional incentive schemes; organization of exhibitions, events, expositions, trade fairs and trade shows for commercial or advertising purposes; outsourcing services [business assistance]; payroll preparation; personnel management consultancy; personnel recruitment; photocopying services; placing advertisements and promotional displays in electronic sites accessed via computer networks; planning of advertising and marketing strategies; presentation of goods and services; presentation of goods on communication media, for retail purposes; price comparison services; procurement services for others [purchasing goods and services for other businesses]; product demonstrations and product display services; product sales information; production of advertising matter and commercials; promoting the goods and services of others; promoting the goods and services of others by distributing coupons, by means of a loyalty rewards card scheme, through discount card programs, through the administration of sales and promotional incentive schemes involving trading stamps, by awarding purchase points for credit card use, through promotional events, through the distribution of printed material and promotional contests; promoting the sale of the services [on behalf of others] by arranging advertisements; promotion of competitions and events, goods and services for others, goods and services through sponsorship, special events, sports competitions and events; promotion services relating to esports events; promotional management for sports personalities; promotional services; providing a searchable online advertising guide featuring the goods and services of online vendors; providing advertising space on a website; providing business information over the internet; providing commercial information to consumers; providing consumer product information via the internet; providing information regarding organising and conducting volunteer programmes and community service projects; providing market information in relation to consumer products; provision and dissemination of business information, advertising and publicity materials relating to exhibitions, trade shows and expositions for business purposes; provision and dissemination of business information, assistance and advice for exhibition attendants, visitors and exhibitors; provision and rental of advertising space, time and media; provision of an online marketplace for buyers and sellers of goods and services; provision of information and advice to consumers regarding the selection of products and items to be purchased; provision of information and advisory services relating to e-commerce; provision of online price comparison services; public relations; publication of publicity texts; publicity; relocation services for businesses; rental of advertising space, of advertising time on communication media, of office machines and equipment, of photocopying machines, of vending machines; research for business purposes; research services relating to advertising and marketing;retail services relating to clothing; retail of third-party pre-paid cards for the purchase of clothing; retail of third-party pre-paid cards for the purchase of entertainment services; retail shop window display arrangement services; sales promotion; sales promotion for others by means of privileged user cards; sales promotion through customer loyalty programs; sales promotions at point of purchase or sale, for others; secretarial services; shop window display arrangement services; sponsorship search; subscription to an information media package; systemization of information into computer databases; telecommunication services [arranging subscriptions to-] for others; telemarketing services television advertising; trade show and commercial exhibition services; transcription; updating of advertising material; writing of publicity texts; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of non-medicated cosmetics and toiletry preparations, non-medicated dentifrices, perfumery, essential oils, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, body cleaning and beauty care preparations, cosmetics, toiletries, oral hygiene preparations, perfumery and fragrances, animal grooming preparations, aromatic extracts; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of household fragrances, laundry preparations, leather and shoe-cleaning and polishing preparations, vehicle cleaning preparations, antiperspirant soap, antiperspirants, artificial tanning preparations, bath lotions, bath salts not for medical purposes, beard softeners, beauty care products, beauty masks; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, body care products, body powder, boot cream, boot polish, cleaning agents for the hands, cleaning preparations, cleansers, cleansing milk for toilet purposes, colouring matters, cosmetic kits, cosmetic preparations for tanning the skin, cosmetics, creams; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of dentifrices, deodorant soaps, deodorants, depilatory preparations, detergents, disinfectant soaps, dye stuffs [cosmetic], dyes for the beard, eau-de-cologne, emery boards, emery cloth, emery cloth for nail grooming, emery paper, essential oils, eye makeup, eyebrow cosmetics, eyebrow pencils, gels for use on the hair, hair bleaching preparations, hair care products, hair colorants; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of hair dyes, hair lotions, hair setting preparations, hair spray, hair waving preparations, hand care preparations, lip balms [non-medicated-], lotions for cosmetic purposes, makeup, makeup powder, makeup preparations, makeup removing preparations, medicated soaps, moisturisers, mouthwashes, nail care preparations, nail polish, nail vanish removing preparations, nail varnish; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of non-medicated preparations for use after shaving, non-medicated toilet preparations, oil for the body, oils for cosmetic purposes, oils for perfumes and scents, perfumery, perfumes, preparation for the care of the body, preparations for freshening the breath [not medicated], pre-shaving and after shaving lotions, shampoos, shaving preparations, shaving soaps, shoe cream, shoe polish, shoe wax; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of shower preparations, skin care products, skincare preparations, soaps, stain removers, sun tanning preparations, talcum powder, tints and lotions all for the hair and beard, tissues impregnated with cosmetic lotion, toilet articles, toilet water, toiletries, towels containing non-medicated toilet preparations, washing and bathroom preparations; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of industrial oils and greases, wax, lubricants, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting, non-chemical fuel additives, wool for use as fuel, christmas tree candles, electrical energy, grease for boots, shoes and leather, illuminating wax, oils for paints; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of perfumed and scented candles, sweeping [dust binding compositions for–], tapers, textile oil, pharmaceuticals, medical and veterinary preparations, sanitary preparations for medical purposes, dietetic food and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, food for babies, dietary supplements for human beings and animals, plasters, materials for dressings, material for stopping teeth, dental wax; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of hand-sanitising preparations, kits containing medical preparations, materials for dressings, meal replacement and dietary supplement drink mixes, meal replacement powders, medicated food for sportsmen, medicated foods for sports persons [vitamins or minerals], medicinal preparations and substances; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of mineral and protein preparations and substances, mineral drinks [medicated], muscle relaxants, naturopathic and homeopathic preparations and substances, nutrients and nutriments, nutritional and dietary supplements, plasters; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of powdered dietary food concentrates and dietetic substances for use in a weight reduction programme for medical purposes, preparations for dietary use, protein foods for human consumption [adapted for medical purposes], protein supplements, radium for medical purposes, sterilising preparations, stimulants made of vitamins; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of tapes for vitamin, dietary and mineral supplements, vitamin drinks, vitamin preparations, vitamins, waters [beverages] for medical purposes; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of metal badges, keyrings and key chains, locks, keys, ornaments, metallic bins, signs, statues, statuettes and figurines, bronzes, trophies made of metal, money boxes; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of boxes, trophies, models of precious metal, all made wholly or principally of common metals; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of cutlery, razors, hand-operated hygienic and beauty implements for humans and animals, scissors, crimping irons, curling tongs, eyelash curlers, manicure sets, nail clippers, nail files, pedicure sets, pruning shears, tweezers, tongs, pizza cutters; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of apparatus and instruments for recording, transmitting, reproducing or processing sound, images or data, recorded and downloadable media, computer software, blank digital or analogue recording and storage media, calculating devices, computers and computer peripheral devices, diving suits, divers' masks, ear plugs for divers; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of nose clips for divers and swimmers, gloves for divers, breathing apparatus for underwater swimming, fire-extinguishing apparatus, abdominal guards [for protection against accidents and injury], alarms, amplifiers, antennas, apparatus and instruments for recording, transmitting and reproducing sound, data and/or images, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of apparatus for use with computers, audio and video tapes and discs, all in pre-recorded form, audio apparatus, audio recordings, audio speakers, audio systems, automatic playback machines, bags and cases specially adapted for holding or carrying portable, mobile, handheld and tablet devices and equipment and accessories for such devices; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of battery chargers, binoculars, blank and pre-recorded CDs, discs, records, tapes and cassettes, blank tapes for recording audio and video, body protectors, books recorded on disc, breast protectors, cabinets and stands all adapted for audio, video and television apparatus and instruments, cables, electric, calculating machines, calculators, camcorders, camera film, camera lenses; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of cameras, carriers for mobile phones, carrying cases adapted for sunglasses, cases adapted for binoculars, cases for mobile phones, cases for spectacles and sunglasses, cassette decks, cd players, cd radio cassettes; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of cd roms, cellular phones, chains and cords for spectacles and sunglasses, cinematographic film, exposed, cleaning apparatus for sound recording discs, clocks [time recording devices] and timers; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of computer application software, computer application software for portable, mobile, handheld and tablet devices, computer application software relating to or featuring games, casino games, card games, gambling or betting, computer game and video game programs, computer game software, computer games, computer games hardware, computer hardware, computer peripherals, computer programs; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of computer software, computer software and computer hardware apparatus with multimedia and interactive functions, computer software and computer programs downloadable from or provided via the internet, computer software and computer programs relating to or featuring games, games based on skill, casino games, card games, gambling or betting; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of computer software for telecommunications and communication via local or global communication networks, including Wi-Fi, the internet, intranets, extranets, television, mobile communication, cellular and satellite networks, computer terminals, computers, computers, laptop and notebook computers, game computers; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of downloadable computer and video game software and programs, downloadable electronic computer game and video game software and programs, downloadable electronic publications, downloadable interactive computer game and video game software and programs, downloadable publications, namely, company magazines downloadable via the internet; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of downloadable virtual reality computer game and video game software and programs, ear plugs, elbow pads, shields and protectors, electric cleaning apparatus, electric installations for the remote control of industrial operations, electric irons, electric shoe polishers, electric steam curling sets; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of electric vacuum hose, electrical apparatus and instruments, all for office use, electrical domestic appliances, electrolysers, electrolysis apparatus for personal use for electroplating purpose, electronic bulletin boards, electronic computer game and video game programs, electronic computer game and video game software, electronic games; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale eyeglass cases, eyeglasses; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of eyewear, spectacles, sun glasses, sports goggles and eyewear, swimming goggles, face shields, floats for bathing and swimming, frames and lenses for spectacles and sunglasses, frames for glasses; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of games adapted for use with television receivers, games software, goggles for skiing, goggles for use in sports, graphic equalisers,Hair styling apparatus, hair waving apparatus, head cleaning tapes, headphones, headsets, helmets, holders adapted for mobile phones, hologram impregnated cards, holograms; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of joysticks for use with computers, juke boxes, karaoke machines, shield and protectors, laptop carrying cases; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of mobile phone covers, mobile phone straps, mobile telephones, cordless telephones, money counting and sorting machines, monitoring apparatus, electric, mouse mats, mouse pads, mouth protectors [gum shields], mp3 players and portable and handheld digital electronic devices for recording, organising, transmitting, manipulating, and reviewing text, data, audio and video files; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of navigation apparatus for vehicles [on-board computers], odontoguards, pedometers, periscopes, personal cd players, personal stereos, phone appliances, phone covers [specifically adapted] and covers for portable and handheld digital electronic devices; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of protective clothing, headgear and footwear for use in sport, protective glasses, sunglasses and goggles, protective helmets, radio cassettes, radio receivers, radios, clock radios, record players, remote control apparatus; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of socks, electrically heated, sound recording, speakers, loud speakers, earphone speakers, speaker cables, spectacle holders, sport glasses [eye glasses], sports eyewear, sports goggles, sports helmets and visors, straps and cases for eyewear and sunglasses, straps for sunglasses, sunglasses, surge protectors, swimming goggles, tape players; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of elasticized wraps for limbs and joints for medical use, face masks for medical use, hearing protectors, neoprene braces for limbs and joints for medical use, orthodontic machines and instruments for dental purpose, prosthetic instruments for dental purposes, sports supports, suspensory bandages for use in sports; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of apparatus and installations for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply, sanitary purposes, apparatus and installations for refrigerating, barbecue grills [lava rocks for use in–], conditioning air [installations for–], curling lamps, disposable sterilization pouches; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of filters for drinking water, gas lighter, glow sticks, hair drying apparatus and appliances, heating apparatus, hot water bottles, hydrants, lamps, radiators, electric, refrigerators, stage smog maker, toilet seats, torches for lighting, ultraviolet ray lamps, not for medical purposes, watering installations, automatic; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, car screen shields and sun blinds, coverings for car seats, electric vehicles, hand cars, inner tubes [repair outfits for–], shopping carts, sleighs, vehicle accessories, components and parts included in this class, vehicle wheel tires [tyres], vehicle wheel tyre accessories, components and parts; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of jewellery, precious and semi-precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, alarm clocks, badges of precious metal, boxes, boxes of precious metal, bracelets, cases for clock and watches, cases for watch-making, chains of precious metal, clock cases, clock hands, clocks; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of cufflinks, tie clips, tie pins, imitation gold, jewel cases of precious metal, jewellery and imitation jewellery, jewellery cases, key rings, kitchen containers of precious metal, medals, badges of precious metals, candle rings of precious metal, movements for clocks and watches, ornaments of precious metals, rings being jewellery, sports watches, time keeping instruments; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of trinkets, trophies, belt buckles, all being of precious metal or coated therewith, watch bands, watch straps, watches, wrist watches, paper and cardboard, printed matter, bookbinding material, photographs, stationery and office requisites, except furniture; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of adhesives for stationery or household purposes, drawing materials and materials for artists, paintbrushes, instructional and teaching materials, plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging, printers' type, printing blocks, adhesive for stationery purposes, adhesive tape dispensers [office requisites], adhesives for stationery or household purposes, agendas, albums; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of architects' models, artists’ materials, bags [envelopes, pouches] of paper or plastics, for packaging, block notepads, bookbinding material, books, magazines [periodicals], brochures, leaflets and other printed publications, brochures, calendars, cards made of plastic [other than encoded or magnetic], cases for pens, cases for stationery, catalogues, chaplets, compasses; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of decalcomanias, desk note pads, diaries, document files [stationery], drawing boards, drawing instruments, erasers, event programmes, felt tip pens, gift cards, gift vouchers, glue sticks, greeting cards, handkerchiefs of paper, highlighters, indexed books for the recordal of information relating to fitness training, ink pens, inks for pens;retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of magazines, marking pens [stationery], newsletters, note books, note pads, paint brushes, paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes, pastels [crayons], pencil cases, pencil sharpeners, pencils, pens; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of photographs, posters, printed matter, removable tattoos, rulers, shopping [carrier] bags of plastic, staplers, staples, stationery, stencils, tissues; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of imitations of leather, animal skins and hides, luggage and carrying bags, umbrellas and parasols, walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, collars, leashes and clothing for animals, art portfolios [cases], articles of luggage, athletic bags, attaché cases, sale of baby and child carriers, backpacks, baggage, bags, bags for travel accessories, beach bags, belt bags, belts, belts made of imitation leather, belts made of leather, billfolds, boot bags, briefcases, business card cases, camping bags, canes, card cases, card holders, cheque book holders, carry-on luggage, cases, cases for mobile telephones, clutch bags, cosmetic bags, credit card cases, credit card holders, diaper bags, document cases, duffel bags, evening bags, fastenings and straps of leather, garment bags, golf umbrella seats, gym bags, handbags, harnesses, haversacks; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of hip pouches, holdalls, key cases, key fobs made of leather incorporating key rings, key fobs made of leather incorporating key rings, key holders, key pouches, knapsacks, laces [leather–], leashes [leather–], leather goods including horse tack and equestrian articles, leather portfolios [covers], luggage, luggage tags; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of luggage straps, overnight bags, overnight luggage, parasols, pocket books, pocket wallets, portfolios, pouches, purses, purses, record bags, riding saddles, riding saddles, rucksacks, saddlery, school bags, school satchels, shoe bags, shopping bags, shopping carts [wheeled shopping bags], shoulder bags, skins and hides, sporting bags, sports bags, trunks, waist bags; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of hampers [baskets], inflatable pillows [other than for medical use] for fitting around the neck, mannequins, pillows, sleeping bag, household or kitchen utensils and containers, cookware and tableware, except forks, knives and spoons, combs and sponges, brushes, except paintbrushes, brush-making materials, articles for cleaning purposes; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of unworked or semi-worked glass, except building glass, glassware, porcelain and earthenware, baskets for domestic use, beer mugs, bowls and dishes, brush goods, burners, candle holders, candle rings of precious metal, candlesticks of precious metal, china ornaments, cleaning instruments [hand-operated], cocktail shakers, coffee pots non electric, household containers; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of household containers all of precious metal, containers for food, containers for household use for storage purposes, cooking utensils, cool bags, cool bags for fishing bait, cosmetic utensils, cups, decorative articles made of glass, decorated china, chinaware, earthenware or porcelain, drink bottles, drinking straws, drinking vessels, figurines, flat-iron stands, flower pots, foldable water bottles; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of fruit juice extractors [hand-operated], household or kitchen utensils and containers, ice buckets, insect traps, jugs and drinking vessels, kettles, kitchen and household utensils and containers, lunch boxes, re-usable drinking straws, re-usable straws, saucers of precious metal, shaker bottles, sports bottles, steel wool, storage containers for food; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of textiles and substitutes for textiles, household linen, curtains of textile or plastic, banners, bath linen, bed and table covers, bed clothes, bed covers, bed linen, bed spreads, blinds, coasters, covers [fitted toilet lid–] of fabric; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of covers for pillows, curtain tie backs, curtains, cushion covers, duvet covers, duvets, eiderdowns, face towels, flannels, furniture coverings, handkerchiefs, kitchen towels, linen and upholstery fabrics, marabouts [cloth], napkins, non-woven textile fabrics, pillow cases, pillow covers, printers' blankets of textile, quilt covers, quilts, rugs, sheets; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of shower curtains, shrouds, sleeping bags, table clothes, table cloths, table covers, table linen, table mats, table napkins, tea towels, textile curtain pelmets, textile goods, textile materials, textiles for making articles of clothing, towels, towels of textile, travellers rugs, travelling rugs [lap robes], upholstery fabrics, wall hangings of textile, washing mitts, white cloth strip; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of clothing, footwear, headgear, lace, braid and embroidery, and haberdashery ribbons and bows, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers, hair decorations, false hair, boxes for needles, brooches [clothing accessories], buckles [clothing accessories]; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of yoga mats, games, toys and playthings, video game apparatus, gymnastic and sporting articles, decorations for christmas trees, apparatus for boxing, apparatus for playing skill games, apparatus for playing sports, apparatus for skiing, bags adapted for carrying sporting articles, bags especially designed for ski and surfboards, bags specially adapted for sports equipment, balloons, balls, balls being sporting articles, balls for games; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of balls for use in sports, balls including tennis balls, tennis rackets, squash rackets and related goods and accessories in this class, baseball masks, batons for cheering squad, bats, bats for sport, bats for sports, board games, body protectors, body-building apparatus, body-building apparatus sporting articles for use in racquet games, exercise equipment, fitness equipment, hand held electronic games, hand protectors adapted for sporting use, handheld and portable devices for gaming, hip-guards specially made for playing sports [parts of sports suits]; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of knee protectors adapted for use whilst playing sports, knee protectors for use when participating in sports, leg guards adapted for playing sport, leg guards adapted for playing sport, shin pads [sports]; retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of preparations made from cereals, bread, pastries and confectionery, chocolate, chocolate based beverages, chocolate beverages with milk, coffee based beverages, coffee beverages with milk, coffee flavourings, confectionery for decorating christmas trees, cookies, corn starch derivatives in powder form for making into drinks, edible decorations for cakes, snack bars [foodstuffs], snack foods, tarts, tea based beverages, tea beverages, waffles, whiteners [non-dairy] for beverages, beers, non-alcoholic beverages Retail services, online retail services, wholesale and direct-mail retail services relating to the sale of telecommunication installations, apparatus and instruments, telephone apparatus, telephones, mobile telephones, cordless telephones, telephone answering apparatus and instruments, paging apparatus, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, photographic apparatus and instruments, cameras, camera film, video cameras, camera lenses, camcorders, television apparatus and instruments, televisions, televisions for receiving satellite broadcasting, satellites and decoders, video apparatus and instruments, video recording machines, video disc players, combined televisions and VCR, television aerials, antennas, transformers, surge protectors, remote control apparatus, audio apparatus, audio systems, tuners, automatic playback machines, radio receivers, radio cassettes, CD radio cassettes, CD players, personal CD players, tape recorders, tape players, cassette decks, turntables, record players, graphic equalizers, loud speakers, earphone speakers, speaker cables, amplifiers, portable audio apparatus and instruments, radios, clock radios, karaoke machines, juke boxes, computers, lap-top and notebook computers, game computers, computer peripherals, apparatus for use with computers, computer terminals, visual display units, computer hardware, computer software, computer programs, disc drives, CD Roms, computer games, tapes, discs and floppy discs, all recorded with computer programs, video games, discs and tapes all for video games, games adapted for use with television receivers, audio and video tapes and discs, all in pre-recorded form, blank tapes for recording audio and video, compact discs, sound recordings, phonograph records, cassettes and discs, tapes for tape recorders, digital audio tapes, head cleaning tapes, electronic games, cabinets and stands all adapted for audio, video and television apparatus and instruments, electrical apparatus and instruments, all for office use, word processing apparatus and instruments, photocopying apparatus and instruments, facsimile processing apparatus and instruments, calculating machines, office machines, scales, controllers and keypads all for heating, ventilation.

All goods in class 18 including luggage and key rings.

All goods in class 21 including crockery.

All goods in class 25 including shirts, jackets, footwear, trousers, headgear, jerseys, shorts, training suits.

All goods in class 28 including gymnastic and sporting articles and equipment.

Communications via radio, television and computers.

Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signaling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus; headphones; pedometers; batteries and chargers; binoculars; eyewear, spectacles, sunglasses, sports goggles and eyewear, swimming goggles; frames, lenses, chains, cords and cases for eyewear; knee, elbow, leg, arm, body, face and eye pads, shields and protectors; protective helmets; protective eyewear; protective clothing, accessories, headgear and footwear; mouth protectors (gum shields); life belts, jackets and buoys; ear plugs; electronic display apparatus for use with exercise equipment; diving equipment and apparatus; electronic games software; MP3 players and portable and handheld digital electronic devices for recording, organising, transmitting, manipulating, and reviewing text, data, audio and video files and cases for these devices; cases for mobile telephones; parts and fittings for all the aforesaid goods; mobile and smart phone protective cases.